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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sobep</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros Pediatras</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Soc. Bras. Enferm. Ped</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2238-202X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros Pediatras</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31508/1676-3793202508</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores associados ao estresse de cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Factores asociados al estrés en cuidadores familiares de niños y adolescentes con síndrome de Down</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0657-7209</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Annie</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9602-4087</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zonta</surname>
						<given-names>Jaqueline Brosso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-9409</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna Josiane de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4309-5612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Okido</surname>
						<given-names>Aline Cristiane Cavicchioli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Carlos</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Carlos</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP. Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP. Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Autor correspondente:</label> Bianca Annie Martins <email>E-mail:biancaannie@estudante.ufscar.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Conflitos de interesse:</label>
					<p> nada a declarar.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>25</volume>
			<elocation-id>eSOBEP202508</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> identificar os fatores associados ao estresse de cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p> estudo com delineamento observacional, analítico e transversal, de abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no domicílio, por meio da aplicação de um instrumento de caracterização, de uma escala de estresse percebido e da coleta de cortisol salivar ao despertar. Análises estatísticas bivariadas e multivariadas foram aplicadas para identificar associações.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> participaram 30 familiares, sendo 24 mães, cinco pais e uma irmã. Do total, 18 (60%) afirmaram ter vivenciado algum evento estressante nos últimos 30 dias. A pontuação média do estresse percebido foi de 31,9 pontos. O cortisol salivar ao despertar obteve média de 0,44 µg/dL, dentro do padrão de normalidade para o período matutino. Observou-se relação estatisticamente significativa entre nível de cortisol salivar ao despertar e ocupação.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> verificou-se uma tendência a níveis baixos de cortisol salivar ao despertar entre os cuidadores familiares. Os familiares com ocupação remunerada apresentaram níveis aumentados de cortisol salivar em comparação com os cuidadores sem vínculo empregatício.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> identificar los factores asociados al estrés entre los familiares cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con síndrome de Down.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p> estudio observacional, analítico y transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó en el domicilio de los participantes, mediante la aplicación de un instrumento de caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica, una escala de estrés percibido y la recolección de cortisol salival al despertar. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos bivariados y multivariados para identificar asociaciones.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> participaron 30 familiares, entre ellos 24 madres, cinco padres y una hermana. De estos, 18 (60%) informaron haber experimentado al menos un evento estresante en los últimos 30 días. La puntuación media de estrés percibido fue de 31,9 puntos. La media del cortisol salival al despertar fue de 0,44 µg/dL, valor dentro del rango de normalidad para el período matutino. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles de cortisol salival al despertar y la ocupación.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p> se observó una tendencia a niveles bajos de cortisol salival al despertar entre los familiares cuidadores. Los familiares con ocupación remunerada presentaron niveles más elevados de cortisol salival en comparación con los cuidadores sin vínculo laboral.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Descritores:</title>
				<kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
				<kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
				<kwd>Cuidadores</kwd>
				<kwd>Estresse</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Descriptores:</title>
				<kwd>Enfermería</kwd>
				<kwd>Niño</kwd>
				<kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
				<kwd>Cuidadores</kwd>
				<kwd>Estrés</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>O termo “Crianças com Necessidades Especiais de Saúde” (CRIANES) representa um grupo de crianças que necessita de maior atenção por parte dos familiares, dos profissionais de saúde e de educação, em comparação com crianças da mesma faixa etária consideradas saudáveis, sobretudo por apresentarem agravos físicos, emocionais, de desenvolvimento ou de comportamento.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>As crianças com síndrome de Down estão incluídas nesta definição, uma vez que apresentam diversas condições médicas associadas, como cardiopatias, problemas de visão e audição, disfunções hematológicas, entre outras.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup> Para tanto, requerem terapias psicomotoras, visitas constantes aos serviços de saúde, tratamento medicamentoso e, em alguns casos, uso de dispositivos tecnológicos para alimentação ou respiração.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Trata-se da desordem cromossômica mais prevalente na população. Na Europa, estima-se que 8.031 crianças com síndrome de Down nasçam anualmente, com uma prevalência de 10,1/10.000 nascidos vivos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> Nos Estados Unidos da América, estima-se que mais de 200 mil pessoas tenham a síndrome.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup> No Brasil, a estimativa é de um caso a cada 700 nascimentos, representando 270 mil casos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>A literatura apresenta desafios relativos à parentalidade de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down, com destaque para a necessidade de readaptação da rotina familiar para atender às demandas terapêuticas específicas, ao impacto financeiro e às experiências relacionadas ao estigma.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup> Tal realidade resulta em sobrecarga física e mental, falta de concentração, depressão, ansiedade, privação de sono, entre outras.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup> Ademais, índices elevados de estresse podem prejudicar o vínculo afetivo entre mãe e filho.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup> Estudo norte-americano, que comparou o estresse parental entre 36 mães de crianças com síndrome de Down e 47 mães de crianças com desenvolvimento típico, também corrobora ao revelar um nível de estresse significativamente mais elevado entre as mães de crianças com síndrome de Down.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Ainda, a literatura traz a preocupação dos cuidadores com o futuro das crianças e adolescentes em relação à dependência nas atividades diárias e financeira. Tal receio é causador de sobrecarga, sendo mais relevante para os cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Situações estressantes podem influenciar negativamente múltiplas vias biológicas, culminando em desregulação dos ritmos circadianos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup> O cortisol tem sido o biomarcador adotado para analisar o estresse psicossocial crônico e problemas de saúde mental e física. Trata-se de um glicocorticoide endógeno produzido pelas glândulas adrenais depois de ativado o eixo hipotalâmico-pituitário-adrenal. Normalmente, apresenta um padrão diário, com níveis que aumentam logo após o despertar e diminuem gradualmente ao longo do dia. Cronicamente, altas concentrações de cortisol podem resultar em desequilíbrio imunológico mediante atrofia do tecido linfoide do timo, baço e linfonodos, estímulo à apoptose de linfócitos, inibição da síntese e liberação de citocinas e outros mediadores de reações imunes e inflamatórias, entre outros mecanismos biológicos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Nessa direção, estudo que examinou o cortisol salivar de 82 mães de crianças com transtornos psiquiátricos ou de desenvolvimento, incluindo a síndrome de Down, mostrou que os níveis de cortisol tiveram declínios diários menos pronunciados em seus padrões diurnos de cortisol.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> Outra pesquisa descobriu que, em comparação com as mães de crianças com desenvolvimento típico, as mães de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista e outras deficiências de desenvolvimento apresentaram uma resposta pobre de anticorpos às vacinas pneumocócicas, indicando uma capacidade reduzida de evitar infecções.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Embora existam investigações internacionais que analisaram o cortisol salivar em cuidadores de crianças com condições crônicas, ainda são limitados os estudos que associam simultaneamente indicadores biológicos de estresse, medidas subjetivas de estresse percebido e fatores sociodemográficos, especialmente entre cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Além disso, a maior parte das evidências disponíveis se concentra em países de alta renda, havendo escassez de pesquisas em contextos socioculturais distintos, como o brasileiro, onde fatores socioeconômicos e de acesso aos serviços de saúde podem influenciar significativamente a experiência do cuidado e o nível de estresse dos familiares. Assim, a produção de evidências nessa temática contribui para ampliar o conhecimento internacional sobre o fenômeno e oferece subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções assistenciais mais sensíveis às necessidades desses cuidadores.</p>
			<p>Diante do exposto, o presente estudo partiu das seguintes questões de pesquisa: como se apresenta o nível do cortisol salivar ao despertar de cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down? Qual o nível de estresse percebido desses cuidadores? Há correlação entre o nível do cortisol salivar ao despertar, o estresse percebido e as condições sociodemográficas? A partir desses questionamentos, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados ao estresse de cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Estudo de delineamento observacional, analítico e transversal, de abordagem quantitativa.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>Faz-se importante registrar que este artigo científico é parte do projeto de pesquisa (Regular FAPESP 2019/24975-7) intitulado “Ritmos circadianos de alfa amilase e cortisol salivar de cuidadores de crianças com necessidades especiais de saúde: estudo caso-controle”. O contexto de produção do material empírico foi o domicílio de famílias com crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down de cinco municípios circunvizinhos localizados na região central do estado de São Paulo.</p>
			<p>Como participantes do estudo, consideramos a amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, elegendo familiares cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down, maiores de 18 anos de idade. Entende-se por familiar cuidador o indivíduo responsável pela maior parte dos cuidados da criança ou do adolescente. De acordo com o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, estão incluídas na definição de crianças e adolescentes pessoas com até 18 anos incompletos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup> Foi adotado como critério de exclusão esquema vacinal incompleto contra a COVID-19, uma vez que havia manipulação de amostras de saliva; todavia, esse critério não precisou ser aplicado.</p>
			<p>A coleta de dados foi realizada entre março e outubro de 2023. A estratégia para recrutamento dos participantes foi a divulgação da pesquisa em redes sociais como grupos de <italic>WhatsApp</italic>® e <italic>Facebook</italic>®. Ademais, durante a coleta de dados, alguns participantes indicaram outros potenciais participantes se caracterizando na técnica bola de neve ou <italic>snowball sampling</italic>.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>Após manifestação de interesse dos familiares cuidadores, era disponibilizado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) via aplicativo de mensagens WhatsApp® ou por e-mail, conforme escolha do participante. Após leitura do TCLE e concordância, era agendada uma data para realização da visita domiciliar, a fim de coletar a amostra de saliva e aplicar os instrumentos de pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Utilizou-se como instrumento de pesquisa a Escala de Estresse Percebido, composta por 14 questões, com opções de resposta que variam de 0 a 4 (0 = nunca; 1 = quase nunca; 2 = às vezes; 3 = quase sempre; 4 = sempre). As questões com conotação positiva têm sua pontuação somada de modo invertido. O total da escala é a soma das pontuações dessas 14 questões, podendo variar de 0 a 56 pontos. De acordo com os autores, quanto maior a pontuação, maior o nível de estresse percebido. A escala apresenta alta consistência interna em seus estudos originais, com valores de α de Cronbach acima de 0,80.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup> A pontuação obtida por meio da aplicação da Escala de Estresse Percebido também pode fornecer um indicador categórico, em que pontuações abaixo de 18 indicam baixo estresse, entre 19-24, normal, entre 25-29, estresse moderado, entre 30-35 alto, e maiores que 35, muito alto.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Também foi aplicado um instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica dos cuidadores, com questões sobre idade, cor da pele, escolaridade, situação conjugal, ocupação, renda familiar, uso de medicamentos ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos e eventos estressantes nos últimos 30 dias.</p>
			<p>Quanto ao procedimento de coleta da saliva, no dia anterior ao agendamento, a pesquisadora disponibilizava um folder com orientações escritas e ilustradas. Entre as orientações, destacam-se não consumir bebidas alcoólicas nas últimas 24 horas, não ingerir alimentos ou qualquer bebida uma hora antes da coleta (inclusive café), não escovar os dentes ou usar enxaguante bucal, fumo ou exercício uma hora antes da coleta.</p>
			<p>No dia agendado, a pesquisadora chegava ao domicílio às oito horas, quando era realizada primeiramente a coleta da amostra de saliva. Para a coleta do cortisol salivar, foi utilizado o Salivette®, um rolo absorvente que deveria ser mastigado suavemente por dois minutos, com o objetivo de coletar uma quantidade mínima de 500 µL de saliva. Em seguida, o material biológico era acondicionado em refrigeração até a entrega ao laboratório terceirizado contratado para o processamento. As concentrações de cortisol salivar foram determinadas pelo método de eletroquimioluminescência (Elecsys 1010/1020, <italic>Roche Diagnostics</italic>, Laval, Quebec). Para interpretação dos resultados, adotaram-se os valores de referência fornecidos pelo laboratório responsável pela análise, considerando-se concentrações inferiores a 0,736 µg/dL como dentro da faixa de normalidade para o horário da coleta. Valores iguais ou superiores a esse ponto de corte foram interpretados como sugestivos de maior ativação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, podendo indicar maior nível de estresse entre os cuidadores.</p>
			<p>Neste estudo, foram consideradas como variáveis dependentes o nível de cortisol salivar ao despertar e a pontuação de estresse percebido. As variáveis independentes foram aquelas oriundas do instrumento de caracterização. No que se refere à forma de organização dessas variáveis sociodemográficas, cabe mencionar que a variável “cor da pele” foi categorizada em branco ou não branco, incluindo aqui as pessoas que se declararam pardas ou negras. Para a variável “ocupação”, adotaram-se duas categorias: trabalho remunerado, considerando tanto aqueles registrados oficialmente quanto os autônomos; e trabalho não remunerado, incluindo-se os trabalhos domésticos. A escolaridade foi subdividida em duas opções, sendo a primeira ensino fundamental e médio, e a outra, ensino superior.</p>
			<p>Quanto à análise de dados, inicialmente, foram realizadas análises descritivas por meio de frequências absolutas e relativas, média, mediana, desvio padrão, quartis, e valores mínimos e máximos. Em seguida, as relações entre variáveis dependentes e independentes foram examinadas por meio de análises bivariadas e multivariadas.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup> Assim, para análise da relação do cortisol ao despertar e as variáveis sociodemográficas, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear simples e múltiplo. Esse modelo tem como pressuposto que seus resíduos têm distribuição normal com média 0 e variância σ<sup>2</sup> constante.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Já para a análise da relação entre pontuação de estresse percebido e variáveis sociodemográficas, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão com distribuição binomial negativa e função de ligação logarítmica bruta e ajustada, dado que esse desfecho é uma variável discreta e não contínua, como o cortisol. Em todas as análises, foi utilizado o pós-teste de Tukey para as comparações múltiplas envolvendo as variáveis categóricas com mais de dois níveis. Diferenças entre as variáveis foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p &lt; 0,05.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup> Todas as análises estatísticas foram conduzidas no programa computacional <italic>Statistical Analysis System System for Windows</italic>, versão 9.4, sob assessoria de um estatístico.</p>
			<p>O desenvolvimento do estudo atendeu às normas nacionais e internacionais de ética em pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. O projeto matricial foi submetido à apreciação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, em cumprimento à Resolução no 466/2012 da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, sendo aprovado sob Parecer no 5.261.942 em 24 de fevereiro de 2022.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Participaram do estudo 30 cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down, sendo a maioria mães com média de idade de aproximadamente 40 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a caracterização sociodemográfica dos participantes:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caracterização sociodemográfica dos familiares de crianças/adolescentes com síndrome de Down (n=30)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis</th>
								<th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Cor da pele</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Branco</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Não branco</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p> </p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>24 (80)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>6 (20)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Escolaridade</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Fundamental/médio</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Superior</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p> </p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>13 (43,33)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>17 (56,67)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Ocupação</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Trabalho remunerado</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Trabalho não remunerado</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p> </p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>22 (73,33)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>8 (26,67)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Não</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Sim</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p> </p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>20 (66,67)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>10 (33,33)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"><bold>Média (desvio padrão)</bold></td>
								<td><bold>Mínimo-Máximo</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Idade</td>
								<td>39,7 (7,37)</td>
								<td align="center">22-55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Renda familiar</td>
								<td>8.713,33</td>
								<td align="center">1.200-30.000</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>No que se refere ao cortisol salivar ao despertar, a média observada foi de 0,44 µg/dL, valor dentro dos padrões esperados para esse horário. A pontuação média de estresse percebido foi de 31,9 pontos, variando de 21 pontos (indicativo de ausência de estresse) a 43 pontos (estresse muito elevado). Do total de participantes, 18 (60%) relataram ter vivenciado algum evento estressante nos últimos 30 dias. Todavia, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, os níveis de cortisol ao despertar e as pontuações de estresse percebido se mantiveram semelhantes aos daqueles que não relataram eventos estressantes recentes.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nível do cortisol ao despertar e do estresse percebido de cuidadores familiares de crianças/adolescentes com síndrome de Down (n=30) de acordo com as variáveis sociodemográficas categóricas</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Cortisol ao despertar</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Estresse percebido</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Média (desvio padrão)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana (Mínimo-Máximo)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Média (desvio padrão)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana (Mínimo-Máximo)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Parentesco</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Irmã</td>
								<td align="center">0,98 (-)</td>
								<td align="center">0,98 (0,98 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">30 (-)</td>
								<td align="center">30 (30 - 30)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mãe</td>
								<td align="center">0,45 (0,23)</td>
								<td align="center">0,41 (0,05 - 0,83)</td>
								<td align="center">32,08 (5,41)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pai</td>
								<td align="center">0,26 (0,18)</td>
								<td align="center">0,21 (0,07 - 0,52)</td>
								<td align="center">31,25 (4,35)</td>
								<td align="center">32,5 (25 - 35)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cor da pele</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Branca</td>
								<td align="center">0,45 (0,24)</td>
								<td align="center">0,40 (0,05 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">31,7 (5,25)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não branca</td>
								<td align="center">0,40 (0,30)</td>
								<td align="center">0,31 (0,08 - 0,79)</td>
								<td align="center">32,67 (5,01)</td>
								<td align="center">33,5 (25 - 39)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Escolaridade</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fundamental/médio</td>
								<td align="center">0,43 (0,28)</td>
								<td align="center">0,41 (0,05 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">33,46 (4,37)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (25 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Superior</td>
								<td align="center">0,44 (0,23)</td>
								<td align="center">0,39 (0,07 - 0,83)</td>
								<td align="center">30,63 (5,48)</td>
								<td align="center">31,5 (21 - 40)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Situação conjugal</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Com companheiro</td>
								<td align="center">0,43 (0,24)</td>
								<td align="center">0,39 (0,05 - 0,83)</td>
								<td align="center">31,96 (5,39)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sem companheiro</td>
								<td align="center">0,52 (0,42)</td>
								<td align="center">0,41 (0,16 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">31,33 (2,31)</td>
								<td align="center">30 (30 - 34)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ocupação</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Trabalho remunerado</td>
								<td align="center">0,49 (0,26)</td>
								<td align="center">0,45 (0,07 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">31,86 (4,86)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (21 - 40)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Trabalho não remunerado</td>
								<td align="center">0,29 (0,18)</td>
								<td align="center">0,34 (0,05 - 0,57)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (6,14)</td>
								<td align="center">31,5 (22 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não</td>
								<td align="center">0,46 (0,26)</td>
								<td align="center">0,42 (0,07 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">32,15 (4,33)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (23 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,39 (0,24)</td>
								<td align="center">0,34 (0,05 - 0,80)</td>
								<td align="center">31,33 (6,86)</td>
								<td align="center">33 (21 - 40)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Evento estressante</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não</td>
								<td align="center">0,51 (0,18)</td>
								<td align="center">0,51 (0,21 - 0,80)</td>
								<td align="center">31,83 (6,38)</td>
								<td align="center">31,5 (21 - 43)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,39 (0,28)</td>
								<td align="center">0,32 (0,05 - 0,98)</td>
								<td align="center">31,94 (4,25)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (22 - 40)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Outro achado que merece destaque se refere às concentrações de cortisol salivar entre os diferentes participantes do núcleo familiar. As mães e os pais apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,736 µg/dL, estando, portanto, dentro da faixa de normalidade. Em contrapartida, a irmã cuidadora apresentou concentração de 0,98 µg/dL, sugerindo maior ativação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e, possivelmente, maior nível de estresse fisiológico. Observou-se, ainda, diferença nas concentrações de cortisol salivar entre os cuidadores com trabalho remunerado e aqueles sem atividade remunerada (0,49 µg/dL versus 0,29 µg/dL, respectivamente), embora ambos os valores permaneçam dentro da faixa esperada para o momento do despertar.</p>
			<p>As tabelas subsequentes apresentam os modelos de regressão empregados para analisar a associação entre as variáveis de interesse, o nível de cortisol salivar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>) e a pontuação de estresse percebido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). No modelo bruto, isto é, na análise sem ajuste para possíveis variáveis de confusão, observou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre grau de parentesco e concentração de cortisol salivar (p = 0,019). Especificamente, estima-se que, em média, o nível de cortisol da irmã cuidadora seja 0,718 µg/dL maior em comparação ao da figura paterna.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise da relação das variáveis de interesse com o nível de cortisol salivar de cuidadores familiares de crianças/adolescentes com síndrome de Down</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Modelo bruto</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Modelo ajustado (n=30)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Efeito estimado</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Intervalo de Confiança (95%)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Efeito estimado</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Intervalo de Confiança (95%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Idade do familiar<sup>1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">-0,007</td>
								<td align="center">0,267</td>
								<td align="center">-0,020</td>
								<td align="center">0,006</td>
								<td align="center">0,002</td>
								<td align="center">0,775</td>
								<td align="center">-0,014</td>
								<td align="center">0,018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Parentesco</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Irmã <italic>versus</italic> mãe</td>
								<td align="center">0,530</td>
								<td align="center">0,072</td>
								<td align="center">-0,040</td>
								<td align="center">1,100</td>
								<td align="center">0,574</td>
								<td align="center">0,266</td>
								<td align="center">-0,333</td>
								<td align="center">1,482</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Irmã <italic>versus</italic> pai</td>
								<td align="center">0,718</td>
								<td align="center">0,019</td>
								<td align="center">0,106</td>
								<td align="center">1,330</td>
								<td align="center">0,831</td>
								<td align="center">0,079</td>
								<td align="center">-0,083</td>
								<td align="center">1,745</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mãe <italic>versus</italic> pai</td>
								<td align="center">0,188</td>
								<td align="center">0,224</td>
								<td align="center">-0,087</td>
								<td align="center">0,463</td>
								<td align="center">0,257</td>
								<td align="center">0,096</td>
								<td align="center">-0,039</td>
								<td align="center">0,553</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cor da pele</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Branco <italic>versus</italic> não branco</td>
								<td align="center">0,052</td>
								<td align="center">0,659</td>
								<td align="center">-0,186</td>
								<td align="center">0,290</td>
								<td align="center">0,035</td>
								<td align="center">0,754</td>
								<td align="center">-0,194</td>
								<td align="center">0,264</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Escolaridade</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fundamental/médio <italic>versus</italic> superior</td>
								<td align="center">-0,018</td>
								<td align="center">0,852</td>
								<td align="center">-0,210</td>
								<td align="center">0,175</td>
								<td align="center">0,118</td>
								<td align="center">0,340</td>
								<td align="center">-0,134</td>
								<td align="center">0,370</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Situação conjugal</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Com companheiro <italic>versus</italic> sem companheiro</td>
								<td align="center">-0,089</td>
								<td align="center">0,568</td>
								<td align="center">-0,405</td>
								<td align="center">0,227</td>
								<td align="center">0,093</td>
								<td align="center">0,639</td>
								<td align="center">-0,315</td>
								<td align="center">0,501</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ocupação</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Trabalho remunerado <italic>versus</italic> não remunerado</td>
								<td align="center">0,196</td>
								<td align="center">0,057</td>
								<td align="center">-0,006</td>
								<td align="center">0,398</td>
								<td align="center">0,263</td>
								<td align="center">0,030</td>
								<td align="center">0,029</td>
								<td align="center">0,498</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Renda familiar<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
								<td align="center">0,827</td>
								<td align="center">-0,012</td>
								<td align="center">0,015</td>
								<td align="center">0,010</td>
								<td align="center">0,271</td>
								<td align="center">-0,009</td>
								<td align="center">0,029</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não <italic>versus</italic> sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,063</td>
								<td align="center">0,525</td>
								<td align="center">-0,138</td>
								<td align="center">0,264</td>
								<td align="center">0,065</td>
								<td align="center">0,525</td>
								<td align="center">-0,144</td>
								<td align="center">0,273</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Evento estressante</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não <italic>versus</italic> sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,128</td>
								<td align="center">0,175</td>
								<td align="center">-0,060</td>
								<td align="center">0,317</td>
								<td align="center">0,147</td>
								<td align="center">0,135</td>
								<td align="center">-0,050</td>
								<td align="center">0,344</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>1</sup> Foi estimado um aumento/diminuição no cortisol a cada aumento de uma unidade na idade do familiar</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>2</sup> Foi estimado um aumento/diminuição no cortisol a cada aumento de R$1.000,00 na renda</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise da relação das variáveis de interesse com a pontuação do estresse percebido de cuidadores familiares de crianças/adolescentes com síndrome de Down</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Modelo bruto</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Modelo ajustado (n=30)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Efeito estimado</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Intervalo de Confiança (95%)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Efeito estimado</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Intervalo de Confiança (95%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Idade do familiar<sup>1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1,002</td>
								<td align="center">0,675</td>
								<td align="center">0,993</td>
								<td align="center">1,011</td>
								<td align="center">1,004</td>
								<td align="center">0,550</td>
								<td align="center">0,991</td>
								<td align="center">1,017</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Parentesco</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Irmã <italic>versus</italic> mãe</td>
								<td align="center">0,935</td>
								<td align="center">0,931</td>
								<td align="center">0,605</td>
								<td align="center">1,446</td>
								<td align="center">1,014</td>
								<td align="center">0,999</td>
								<td align="center">0,500</td>
								<td align="center">2,055</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Irmã <italic>versus</italic> pai</td>
								<td align="center">0,960</td>
								<td align="center">0,978</td>
								<td align="center">0,596</td>
								<td align="center">1,546</td>
								<td align="center">1,076</td>
								<td align="center">0,968</td>
								<td align="center">0,530</td>
								<td align="center">2,187</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mãe <italic>versus</italic> pai</td>
								<td align="center">1,027</td>
								<td align="center">0,960</td>
								<td align="center">0,819</td>
								<td align="center">1,287</td>
								<td align="center">1,062</td>
								<td align="center">0,841</td>
								<td align="center">0,827</td>
								<td align="center">1,364</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cor da pele</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Branco <italic>versus</italic> não branco</td>
								<td align="center">0,970</td>
								<td align="center">0,708</td>
								<td align="center">0,829</td>
								<td align="center">1,136</td>
								<td align="center">1,021</td>
								<td align="center">0,817</td>
								<td align="center">0,855</td>
								<td align="center">1,219</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Escolaridade</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fundamental/médio <italic>versus</italic> superior</td>
								<td align="center">1,093</td>
								<td align="center">0,179</td>
								<td align="center">0,960</td>
								<td align="center">1,243</td>
								<td align="center">1,108</td>
								<td align="center">0,308</td>
								<td align="center">0,910</td>
								<td align="center">1,349</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Situação conjugal</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Com companheiro <italic>versus</italic> sem companheiro</td>
								<td align="center">1,020</td>
								<td align="center">0,855</td>
								<td align="center">0,824</td>
								<td align="center">1,263</td>
								<td align="center">1,156</td>
								<td align="center">0,369</td>
								<td align="center">0,843</td>
								<td align="center">1,586</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ocupação</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Trabalho remunerado <italic>versus</italic> não remunerado</td>
								<td align="center">0,996</td>
								<td align="center">0,952</td>
								<td align="center">0,862</td>
								<td align="center">1,150</td>
								<td align="center">1,093</td>
								<td align="center">0,340</td>
								<td align="center">0,910</td>
								<td align="center">1,313</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Renda familiar<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0,994</td>
								<td align="center">0,228</td>
								<td align="center">0,985</td>
								<td align="center">1,004</td>
								<td align="center">0,993</td>
								<td align="center">0,377</td>
								<td align="center">0,978</td>
								<td align="center">1,008</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não <italic>versus</italic> sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,994</td>
								<td align="center">0,228</td>
								<td align="center">0,985</td>
								<td align="center">1,004</td>
								<td align="center">0,993</td>
								<td align="center">0,377</td>
								<td align="center">0,978</td>
								<td align="center">1,008</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Evento estressante</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não <italic>versus</italic> sim</td>
								<td align="center">0,997</td>
								<td align="center">0,960</td>
								<td align="center">0,874</td>
								<td align="center">1,136</td>
								<td align="center">0,949</td>
								<td align="center">0,506</td>
								<td align="center">0,814</td>
								<td align="center">1,107</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>1</sup> Foi estimado um aumento/diminuição no estresse percebido a cada aumento de uma unidade na idade do familiar</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><sup>2</sup> Foi estimado um aumento/diminuição no estresse percebido a cada aumento de R$1.000,00 na renda</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Entretanto, no modelo ajustado, no qual o efeito foi controlado pelas demais variáveis incluídas na análise, a variável “grau de parentesco” perdeu significância estatística. Por outro lado, a variável “trabalho remunerado” apresentou associação significativa. De acordo com o modelo ajustado, estima-se que, em média, familiares com trabalho remunerado apresentem níveis de cortisol 0,263 µg/dL maiores do que aqueles sem atividade remunerada. Por fim, não foram identificados fatores associados ao estresse percebido</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Primeiramente, é importante destacar a inclusão de outros familiares cuidadores, além da figura materna, nesta investigação. Em geral, os estudos realizados junto a cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes com alguma necessidade especial de saúde acabam envolvendo exclusivamente mães.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup> Embora, histórica e culturalmente, a maioria das mulheres seja responsável pelos cuidados com os filhos, é importante questionar esse aspecto, pois a participação do pai nesse cuidado é benéfica para a construção e o fortalecimento dos laços familiares, bem como para a mitigação de diversos prejuízos associados à sua ausência para o desenvolvimento infantil.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup> Outra particularidade deste estudo diz respeito à inclusão de cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de síndrome de Down. Em geral, as pesquisas incluem outras condições e as denominam de “crianças com transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento”.</p>
			<p>O cortisol salivar dos participantes, ao despertar, apresentou uma média de 0,44 µg/dL (12,1 nmol/L). Tal resultado é inferior ao identificado em um estudo transversal que teve como objetivo investigar os níveis de cortisol ao despertar em pais de crianças com diferentes condições crônicas, como síndrome de Down, transtorno do espectro autista, paralisia cerebral e diabetes mellitus tipo 1. De acordo com esse estudo, o valor médio do cortisol ao despertar entre os 31 cuidadores familiares de crianças com síndrome de Down foi de 19,0 nmol/L.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup> Ainda, estudo que avaliou o nível de cortisol salivar ao acordar de mães e cuidadores primários de crianças com paralisia cerebral teve como média 0,70ug/dL, resultado superior ao revelado no presente estudo.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Níveis menores de cortisol entre cuidadores familiares de crianças com alguma condição crônica têm sido identificados nos estudos que compararam a dosagem desse biomarcador com a dos pais de crianças saudáveis.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup> A hipótese dessa atividade diminuída do cortisol está alinhada à ideia de uma resposta protetora entre indivíduos que vivenciam estresse crônico. Inclusive, níveis baixos de cortisol também foram relatados entre indivíduos com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>De acordo com os resultados, a pontuação média do estresse percebido foi de 31,9 pontos, corroborando os achados de investigação de abordagem quantitativa realizada com 57 mães de crianças em acompanhamento em um ambulatório de média complexidade que desenvolve atividades de reabilitação com crianças com condições que afetam o desenvolvimento neuromotor e sensorial, em um município do interior do estado de São Paulo. A média obtida após a aplicação da Escala de Estresse Percebido foi de 30,56 pontos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> Por outro lado, o nível médio de estresse percebido identificado em estudo realizado na Turquia com 181 mães de crianças com deficiências físicas e/ou mentais foi de 24,99.</p>
			<p>Os modelos de regressão aplicados para analisar a relação das variáveis de interesse com o nível de cortisol salivar e estresse percebido não evidenciaram relação estatisticamente significativa com a maioria das variáveis sociodemográficas, exceto ocupação. Diferentemente, no estudo citado anteriormente, foi observada correlação negativa entre o nível de estresse percebido e as variáveis “idade materna” e “renda familiar”; ou seja, as mães que obtiveram maior nível de estresse percebido foram aquelas com menor idade e renda familiar (p=0,0018 e p=0,0284, respectivamente).<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> Ainda, oposto ao resultado apresentado, estudo de meta-análise que analisou a relação entre estresse parental e situação conjugal evidenciou que os pais casados ou coabitantes relataram menos estresse parental (p &lt;0,001).</p>
			<p>De acordo com as análises realizadas, estima-se que, em média, o familiar com ocupação remunerada tenha um cortisol 0,263 maior do que aqueles que afirmaram não exercer atividade remunerada. Não foi identificado nenhum estudo que indicasse relação estatisticamente significativa entre ocupação e nível de cortisol entre familiares cuidadores. Embora não trate diretamente sobre a ocupação, o efeito da renda familiar na concentração de cortisol foi relatado em estudo conduzido em 2011 com mães de crianças com paralisia cerebral. De acordo com os autores, as mães que viviam em condições socioeconômicas precárias e que também cuidavam de um filho deficiente apresentaram níveis mais elevados de estresse.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Como limitação do estudo, destacam-se a utilização de amostragem por conveniência e a ausência de cálculo amostral prévio, o que pode restringir a generalização dos achados para outras populações de cuidadores. Ademais, observou-se baixa participação de outros membros da família além da figura materna. Recomenda-se, portanto, o desenvolvimento de novos estudos com participação familiar ampliada e adoção de amostragem probabilística, a fim de fortalecer a robustez e a validade externa dos resultados.</p>
			<p>Em relação às implicações práticas, este estudo contribui para a literatura existente acerca dos desafios enfrentados por cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Além disso, reforça a importância da adoção de medidas objetivas nas pesquisas em enfermagem, de modo a complementar as medidas de autorrelato do estresse comumente utilizadas em estudos sobre cuidado familiar.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusão</title>
			<p>Os resultados indicaram pontuações compatíveis com um nível moderado de estresse percebido entre cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down, sem identificação de fatores associados a esse desfecho. A concentração média de cortisol ao despertar se manteve dentro dos padrões de normalidade. No modelo de regressão ajustado, a variável “ocupação” foi o único fator que permaneceu estatisticamente associado ao nível de cortisol.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimentos</title>
			<p>As autoras agradecem mutuamente pela parceria, colaboração, compromisso e dedicação ao longo de todas as etapas de construção deste estudo, desde a concepção até a finalização do manuscrito. Também, aos familiares, pelo apoio, incentivo e compreensão durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Estendem sua gratidão a todos que, de forma direta ou indireta, contribuíram para a realização desta pesquisa, em especial aos participantes do estudo, pela disponibilidade e confiança, tornando possível a produção deste conhecimento.</p>
		</ack>
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					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>524</fpage>
					<lpage>532</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Pinquart M. Parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic physical condition-A meta-analysis. Stress Health. 2018;34(2):197-207.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pinquart</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic physical condition-A meta-analysis</article-title>
					<source>Stress Health</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>197</fpage>
					<lpage>207</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Disponibilidade dos dados:</label>
				<p> Os dados do estudo estão disponibilizados no presente artigo.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31508/1676-3793202508i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors associated with stress in family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0657-7209</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Annie</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9602-4087</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zonta</surname>
						<given-names>Jaqueline Brosso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-9409</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna Josiane de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4309-5612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Okido</surname>
						<given-names>Aline Cristiane Cavicchioli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP. Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP. Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001">
					<label>Corresponding author:</label> Bianca Annie Martins E-mail:biancaannie@estudante.ufscar.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Conflicts of interest:</label>
					<p> nothing to declare.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To identify factors associated with stress among family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p> This was a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected in participants’ homes using a sociodemographic and clinical characterization instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale, and salivary cortisol collection upon awakening. Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify associations.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> A total of 30 family members participated, including 24 mothers, five fathers, and one sister. Of these, 18 (60%) reported experiencing at least one stressful event in the previous 30 days. The mean perceived stress score was 31.9 points. Mean salivary cortisol upon awakening was 0.44 µg/dL, which is within the normal range for the morning period. A statistically significant association was found between salivary cortisol levels upon awakening and occupation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> A tendency toward low salivary cortisol levels upon awakening was observed among family caregivers. Family members with paid employment had higher salivary cortisol levels than caregivers without employment.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Nursing</kwd>
				<kwd>Child</kwd>
				<kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
				<kwd>Caregivers</kwd>
				<kwd>Stress</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>The term “Children with Special Health Needs” (CSHN) refers to a group of children who require greater attention from family members, healthcare professionals, and educators compared to healthy children of the same age, mainly due to physical, emotional, developmental, or behavioral conditions.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Children with Down syndrome are included in this definition, as they present several associated medical conditions, such as heart disease, vision and hearing impairments, hematological disorders, among others.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>Therefore, they require psychomotor therapies, regular visits to healthcare services, medication, and, in some cases, the use of assistive devices for feeding or breathing.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Down syndrome is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder in the population. In Europe, it is estimated that 8,031 children with Down syndrome are born annually, with a prevalence of 10.1 per 10,000 live births.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>In the United States of America, it is estimated that more than 200,000 people have the syndrome.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>In Brazil, the estimate is one case for every 700 births, accounting for 270,000 cases.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>The literature highlights challenges related to parenting children and adolescents with Down syndrome, including the need to readjust family routines to meet specific therapeutic demands, financial burden, and experiences related to stigma.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>This reality results in physical and mental overload, impaired concentration, depression, anxiety, sleep deprivation, among other conditions.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>Furthermore, high stress levels can negatively affect the emotional bond between mother and child.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>A North American study comparing parental stress among 36 mothers of children with Down syndrome and 47 mothers of typically developing children supports these findings, revealing significantly higher stress levels among mothers of children with Down syndrome.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Furthermore, the literature highlights caregivers’ concerns about the future of children and adolescents, particularly regarding dependence in daily activities and financial issues. These concerns contribute to caregiver burden and are especially relevant among caregivers of children and adolescents with disabilities.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Stressful situations can negatively influence multiple biological pathways, culminating in circadian rhythm dysregulation.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>Cortisol has been adopted as a biomarker for analyzing chronic psychosocial stress and mental and physical health problems. It is an endogenous glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands following activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Under normal conditions, it follows a circadian pattern, with cortisol levels increasing shortly after awakening and gradually decreasing throughout the day. Chronically elevated cortisol concentrations can result in immune imbalance through atrophy of lymphoid tissue in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, stimulation of lymphocyte apoptosis, and inhibition of the synthesis and release of cytokines and other mediators of immune and inflammatory responses, among other biological mechanisms.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>In this regard, a study that examined salivary cortisol levels in 82 mothers of children with psychiatric or developmental disorders, including Down syndrome, showed that cortisol levels exhibited less pronounced daily declines in their diurnal patterns.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>Another study found that, compared to mothers of typically developing children, mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities exhibited a poorer antibody response to pneumococcal vaccines, indicating a reduced ability to fight infections.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Although international research has analyzed salivary cortisol in caregivers of children with chronic conditions, studies that simultaneously examine biological indicators of stress, subjective measures of perceived stress, and sociodemographic factors remain limited, especially among family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Furthermore, most available evidence is concentrated in high-income countries, with a scarcity of research in diverse sociocultural contexts such as Brazil, where socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare services can significantly influence the caregiving experience and family members’ stress levels. Therefore, generating evidence on this topic contributes to expanding international knowledge about the phenomenon and supports the planning of care interventions that are more responsive to the needs of these caregivers.</p>
				<p>Given the above, this study was guided by the following research questions: What are the salivary cortisol levels upon awakening in family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome? What are the perceived stress levels of these caregivers? Is there a correlation between salivary cortisol levels upon awakening, perceived stress, and sociodemographic conditions? Based on these questions, this study aimed to identify factors associated with stress in family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>This article is part of the research project (Regular FAPESP 2019/24975-7) entitled “<italic>Ritmos circadianos de alfa amilase e cortisol salivar de cuidadores de crianças com necessidades especiais de saúde: estudo caso-controle</italic>”. The empirical material was produced in the homes of families with children and adolescents with Down syndrome from five surrounding municipalities located in the central region of the state of São Paulo.</p>
				<p>Participants were selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling and included family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome aged over 18 years. A family caregiver was defined as the individual responsible for most of the care of the child or adolescent. According to the Statute of the Child and Adolescent, children and adolescents are defined as individuals up to 18 years of age.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>An incomplete COVID-19 vaccination schedule was adopted as an exclusion criterion due to saliva sample handling; however, this criterion was not applied.</p>
				<p>Data collection took place between March and October 2023. Participants were recruited through advertisements on social media platforms, such as WhatsApp<sup>®</sup> and Facebook<sup>®</sup> groups. Additionally, some participants referred other potential participants, characterizing the snowball sampling technique.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>After expressing interest, family caregivers received the Informed Consent Form (ICF) via WhatsApp<sup>®</sup> or email, according to their preference. After providing consent, a home visit was scheduled to collect saliva samples and administer the research instruments.</p>
				<p>The Perceived Stress Scale, composed of 14 items with response options ranging from 0 to 4 (0 = never; 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3 = almost always; 4 = always), was used. Positively worded items were reverse scored. The total score is obtained by summing the responses to the 14 items, ranging from 0 to 56 points. According to the authors, higher scores indicate higher perceived stress levels. The scale demonstrates high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α values above 0.80.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>The total score may also be categorized as follows: scores below 18 indicate low stress; 19–24, normal stress; 25–29, moderate stress; 30–35, high stress; and above 35, very high stress.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>A sociodemographic questionnaire was also administered to caregivers, including questions on age, skin color, education, marital status, occupation, family income, use of anxiolytic or antidepressant medications, and stressful events in the previous 30 days.</p>
				<p>Regarding the saliva collection procedure, the day before the appointment, the researcher provided a leaflet containing written and illustrated instructions. Participants were instructed not to consume alcoholic beverages within the previous 24 hours, and to refrain from eating or drinking (including coffee), brushing their teeth, using mouthwash, smoking, or exercising for at least one hour before sample collection.</p>
				<p>On the scheduled day, the researcher arrived at the participant’s home at 8:00 a.m., when the saliva sample was collected. For salivary cortisol collection, Salivette<sup>®</sup> was used, consisting of an absorbent swab that participants were instructed to gently chew for two minutes to obtain a minimum of 500 µL of saliva. The biological material was then refrigerated until delivery to a contracted third-party laboratory for processing. Salivary cortisol concentrations were determined using the electrochemiluminescence method (Elecsys 1010/1020, Roche Diagnostics, Laval, Quebec). For result interpretation, the reference values provided by the laboratory were adopted, considering concentrations below 0.736 µg/dL as within the normal range for the time of collection. Values equal to or greater than this cut-off point were interpreted as indicative of greater activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, possibly reflecting higher stress levels among caregivers.</p>
				<p>In this study, salivary cortisol levels upon awakening and perceived stress scores were considered dependent variables. The independent variables were derived from the sociodemographic questionnaire. Regarding the organization of these variables, “skin color” was categorized as white or non-white, including individuals who identified as mixed-race or black. The variable “occupation” was categorized into paid work (including formally employed and self-employed individuals) and unpaid work (including domestic work). Education level was categorized as primary/secondary education or higher education.</p>
				<p>In relation to data analysis, descriptive analyses were initially performed using absolute and relative frequencies, mean, median, standard deviation, quartiles, and minimum and maximum values. Subsequently, the relationships between dependent and independent variables were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>To analyze the association between salivary cortisol levels upon awakening and sociodemographic variables, simple and multiple linear regression models were used. These models assume that residuals follow a normal distribution with a mean of zero and constant variance (σ<sup>2</sup>).<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>To analyze the association between perceived stress scores and sociodemographic variables, a regression model with a negative binomial distribution and crude and adjusted log link functions was used, as this outcome is a discrete variable rather than continuous, such as cortisol. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons involving categorical variables with more than two levels. Differences were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System for Windows version 9.4 under the supervision of a statistician.</p>
				<p>The study complied with national and international ethical standards for research involving human subjects. The parent project was submitted to the <italic>Universidade Federal de São Carlos</italic> Institutional Review Board, in accordance with Resolution 466/2012 of the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission of the Brazilian National Health Council, and was approved under Opinion 5,261,942 on February 24, 2022.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Thirty family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome participated in the study, most of whom were mothers, with a mean age of approximately 40 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the sociodemographic characteristics of participants.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sociodemographic characterization of family members of children/adolescents with Down syndrome (n=30)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
									<th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">n (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Skin color</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>White</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Non-white</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p> </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>24 (80)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>6 (20)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Education</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Elementary school/high school</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Higher education</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p> </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>13 (43.33)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>17 (56.67)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Occupation</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Paid work</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Unpaid work</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p> </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>22 (73.33)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>8 (26.67)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Anxiolytics or antidepressants</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>No</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Yes</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p> </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>20 (66.67)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>10 (33.33)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Mean (standard deviation)</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Minimum-Maximum</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Age</td>
									<td>39.7 (7.37)</td>
									<td align="center">22-55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Family income</td>
									<td>8,713.33</td>
									<td align="center">1,200-30,000</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding salivary cortisol upon awakening, the mean value was 0.44 µg/dL, which is within the expected range for that time. The mean perceived stress score was 31.9 points, ranging from 21 points (indicative of low stress) to 43 points (very high stress). Of the participants, 18 (60%) reported experiencing at least one stressful event in the previous 30 days. However, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, salivary cortisol levels upon awakening and perceived stress scores were similar to those of participants who did not report recent stressful events.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2001">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cortisol levels upon waking and perceived stress levels of family caregivers of children/adolescents with Down syndrome (n=30) according to categorical sociodemographic variables</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Cortisol levels upon waking</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Perceived stress</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Mean (standard deviation)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Median (Minimum-Maximum)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Mean (standard deviation)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Median (Minimum-Maximum)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Kinship</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sibling</td>
									<td align="center">0.98 (-)</td>
									<td align="center">0.98 (0.98 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (-)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (30 - 30)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mother</td>
									<td align="center">0.45 (0.23)</td>
									<td align="center">0.41 (0.05 - 0.83)</td>
									<td align="center">32.08 (5.41)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Father</td>
									<td align="center">0.26 (0.18)</td>
									<td align="center">0.21 (0.07 - 0.52)</td>
									<td align="center">31.25 (4.35)</td>
									<td align="center">32.5 (25 - 35)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Skin color</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>White</td>
									<td align="center">0.45 (0.24)</td>
									<td align="center">0.40 (0.05 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">31.7 (5.25)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Non-white</td>
									<td align="center">0.40 (0.30)</td>
									<td align="center">0.31 (0.08 - 0.79)</td>
									<td align="center">32.67 (5.01)</td>
									<td align="center">33.5 (25 - 39)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Education</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Elementary school/high school</td>
									<td align="center">0.43 (0.28)</td>
									<td align="center">0.41 (0.05 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">33.46 (4.37)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (25 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Higher education</td>
									<td align="center">0.44 (0.23)</td>
									<td align="center">0.39 (0.07 - 0.83)</td>
									<td align="center">30.63 (5.48)</td>
									<td align="center">31.5 (21 - 40)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marital status</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>With partner</td>
									<td align="center">0.43 (0.24)</td>
									<td align="center">0.39 (0.05 - 0.83)</td>
									<td align="center">31.96 (5.39)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (21 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Without partner</td>
									<td align="center">0.52 (0.42)</td>
									<td align="center">0.41 (0.16 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">31.33 (2.31)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (30 - 34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Occupation</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paid work</td>
									<td align="center">0.49 (0.26)</td>
									<td align="center">0.45 (0.07 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">31.86 (4.86)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (21 - 40)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Unpaid work</td>
									<td align="center">0.29 (0.18)</td>
									<td align="center">0.34 (0.05 - 0.57)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (6.14)</td>
									<td align="center">31.5 (22 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anxiolytics or antidepressants</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">0.46 (0.26)</td>
									<td align="center">0.42 (0.07 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">32.15 (4.33)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (23 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.39 (0.24)</td>
									<td align="center">0.34 (0.05 - 0.80)</td>
									<td align="center">31.33 (6.86)</td>
									<td align="center">33 (21 - 40)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Stressful event</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">0.51 (0.18)</td>
									<td align="center">0.51 (0.21 - 0.80)</td>
									<td align="center">31.83 (6.38)</td>
									<td align="center">31.5 (21 - 43)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.39 (0.28)</td>
									<td align="center">0.32 (0.05 - 0.98)</td>
									<td align="center">31.94 (4.25)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (22 - 40)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Another noteworthy finding concerns salivary cortisol concentrations among different family members. Mothers and fathers presented values below 0.736 µg/dL, therefore within the normal range. In contrast, the sibling caregiver presented a concentration of 0.98 µg/dL, suggesting greater activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and possibly higher physiological stress levels. A difference was also observed in salivary cortisol concentrations between caregivers with paid work and those without paid work (0.49 µg/dL versus 0.29 µg/dL, respectively), although both values remain within the expected range for the time of awakening.</p>
				<p>The following tables present the regression models used to analyze the association between the variables of interest, salivary cortisol levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>) and perceived stress scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). In the unadjusted model, that is, without adjustment for potential confounding variables, a statistically significant association was observed between degree of kinship and salivary cortisol concentration (p = 0.019). Specifically, it is estimated that, on average, the sibling caregiver’s cortisol level is 0.718 µg/dL higher than that of the father.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3001">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of the relationship between variables of interest and salivary cortisol levels in family caregivers of children/adolescents with Down syndrome</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Unadjusted model</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Adjusted model (n=30)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Estimated effect</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">P-value</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Confidence Interval (95%)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Estimated effect</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">P-value</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Confidence Interval (95%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Family member age<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">-0.007</td>
									<td align="center">0.267</td>
									<td align="center">-0.020</td>
									<td align="center">0.006</td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
									<td align="center">0.775</td>
									<td align="center">-0.014</td>
									<td align="center">0.018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kinship</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sibling versus mother</td>
									<td align="center">0.530</td>
									<td align="center">0.072</td>
									<td align="center">-0.040</td>
									<td align="center">1.100</td>
									<td align="center">0.574</td>
									<td align="center">0.266</td>
									<td align="center">-0.333</td>
									<td align="center">1.482</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sibling versus father</td>
									<td align="center">0.718</td>
									<td align="center">0.019</td>
									<td align="center">0.106</td>
									<td align="center">1.330</td>
									<td align="center">0.831</td>
									<td align="center">0.079</td>
									<td align="center">-0.083</td>
									<td align="center">1.745</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mother versus father</td>
									<td align="center">0.188</td>
									<td align="center">0.224</td>
									<td align="center">-0.087</td>
									<td align="center">0.463</td>
									<td align="center">0.257</td>
									<td align="center">0.096</td>
									<td align="center">-0.039</td>
									<td align="center">0.553</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Skin color</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>White versus non-white</td>
									<td align="center">0.052</td>
									<td align="center">0.659</td>
									<td align="center">-0.186</td>
									<td align="center">0.290</td>
									<td align="center">0.035</td>
									<td align="center">0.754</td>
									<td align="center">-0.194</td>
									<td align="center">0.264</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Education</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Elementary school/high school versus higher education</td>
									<td align="center">-0.018</td>
									<td align="center">0.852</td>
									<td align="center">-0.210</td>
									<td align="center">0.175</td>
									<td align="center">0.118</td>
									<td align="center">0.340</td>
									<td align="center">-0.134</td>
									<td align="center">0.370</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marital status</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>With partner versus without partner</td>
									<td align="center">-0.089</td>
									<td align="center">0.568</td>
									<td align="center">-0.405</td>
									<td align="center">0.227</td>
									<td align="center">0.093</td>
									<td align="center">0.639</td>
									<td align="center">-0.315</td>
									<td align="center">0.501</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Occupation</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paid work versus unpaid work</td>
									<td align="center">0.196</td>
									<td align="center">0.057</td>
									<td align="center">-0.006</td>
									<td align="center">0.398</td>
									<td align="center">0.263</td>
									<td align="center">0.030</td>
									<td align="center">0.029</td>
									<td align="center">0.498</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Family income<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.827</td>
									<td align="center">-0.012</td>
									<td align="center">0.015</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
									<td align="center">0.271</td>
									<td align="center">-0.009</td>
									<td align="center">0.029</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anxiolytics or antidepressants</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No versus yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.063</td>
									<td align="center">0.525</td>
									<td align="center">-0.138</td>
									<td align="center">0.264</td>
									<td align="center">0.065</td>
									<td align="center">0.525</td>
									<td align="center">-0.144</td>
									<td align="center">0.273</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Stressful event</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No versus yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.128</td>
									<td align="center">0.175</td>
									<td align="center">-0.060</td>
									<td align="center">0.317</td>
									<td align="center">0.147</td>
									<td align="center">0.135</td>
									<td align="center">-0.050</td>
									<td align="center">0.344</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p><sup>1</sup> An increase/decrease in cortisol was estimated for each one-unit increase in the family member’s age</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2001">
								<p><sup>2</sup> It was estimated that cortisol levels increased/decreased with each R$1,000.00 increase in income</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4001">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of the relationship between variables of interest and the perceived stress score of family caregivers of children/adolescents with Down syndrome</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Unadjusted model</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Adjusted model (n=30)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Estimated effect</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">P-value</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Confidence Interval (95%)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Estimated effect</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">P-value</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Confidence Interval (95%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Family member age<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.002</td>
									<td align="center">0.675</td>
									<td align="center">0.993</td>
									<td align="center">1.011</td>
									<td align="center">1.004</td>
									<td align="center">0.550</td>
									<td align="center">0.991</td>
									<td align="center">1.017</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Kinship</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sibling versus mother</td>
									<td align="center">0.935</td>
									<td align="center">0.931</td>
									<td align="center">0.605</td>
									<td align="center">1.446</td>
									<td align="center">1.014</td>
									<td align="center">0.999</td>
									<td align="center">0.500</td>
									<td align="center">2.055</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sibling versus father</td>
									<td align="center">0.960</td>
									<td align="center">0.978</td>
									<td align="center">0.596</td>
									<td align="center">1.546</td>
									<td align="center">1.076</td>
									<td align="center">0.968</td>
									<td align="center">0.530</td>
									<td align="center">2.187</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mother versus father</td>
									<td align="center">1.027</td>
									<td align="center">0.960</td>
									<td align="center">0.819</td>
									<td align="center">1.287</td>
									<td align="center">1.062</td>
									<td align="center">0.841</td>
									<td align="center">0.827</td>
									<td align="center">1.364</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Skin color</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>White versus non-white</td>
									<td align="center">0.970</td>
									<td align="center">0.708</td>
									<td align="center">0.829</td>
									<td align="center">1.136</td>
									<td align="center">1.021</td>
									<td align="center">0.817</td>
									<td align="center">0.855</td>
									<td align="center">1.219</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Education</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Elementary school/high school versus higher education</td>
									<td align="center">1.093</td>
									<td align="center">0.179</td>
									<td align="center">0.960</td>
									<td align="center">1.243</td>
									<td align="center">1.108</td>
									<td align="center">0.308</td>
									<td align="center">0.910</td>
									<td align="center">1.349</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marital status</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>With partner versus without partner</td>
									<td align="center">1.020</td>
									<td align="center">0.855</td>
									<td align="center">0.824</td>
									<td align="center">1.263</td>
									<td align="center">1.156</td>
									<td align="center">0.369</td>
									<td align="center">0.843</td>
									<td align="center">1.586</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Occupation</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paid work versus unpaid work</td>
									<td align="center">0.996</td>
									<td align="center">0.952</td>
									<td align="center">0.862</td>
									<td align="center">1.150</td>
									<td align="center">1.093</td>
									<td align="center">0.340</td>
									<td align="center">0.910</td>
									<td align="center">1.313</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Family income<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.994</td>
									<td align="center">0.228</td>
									<td align="center">0.985</td>
									<td align="center">1.004</td>
									<td align="center">0.993</td>
									<td align="center">0.377</td>
									<td align="center">0.978</td>
									<td align="center">1.008</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anxiolytics or antidepressants</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No versus yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.994</td>
									<td align="center">0.228</td>
									<td align="center">0.985</td>
									<td align="center">1.004</td>
									<td align="center">0.993</td>
									<td align="center">0.377</td>
									<td align="center">0.978</td>
									<td align="center">1.008</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Stressful event</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No versus yes</td>
									<td align="center">0.997</td>
									<td align="center">0.960</td>
									<td align="center">0.874</td>
									<td align="center">1.136</td>
									<td align="center">0.949</td>
									<td align="center">0.506</td>
									<td align="center">0.814</td>
									<td align="center">1.107</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3001">
								<p><sup>1</sup> An increase/decrease in cortisol was estimated for each one-unit increase in the family member’s age</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4001">
								<p><sup>2</sup> It was estimated that cortisol levels increased/decreased with each R$1,000.00 increase in income</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>However, in the adjusted model, in which the effect was controlled for other variables included in the analysis, the variable “degree of kinship” lost statistical significance. In contrast, the variable “paid work” showed a significant association. According to the adjusted model, it is estimated that, on average, family members with paid work have cortisol levels 0.263 µg/dL higher than those without paid work. Finally, no factors associated with perceived stress were identified.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>First, it is important to highlight the inclusion of family caregivers other than the maternal figure in this study. In general, studies involving caregivers of children and adolescents with special health needs tend to include exclusively mothers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Although, historically and culturally, women are primarily responsible for childcare, this perspective should be reconsidered, as paternal involvement is beneficial for the development and strengthening of family bonds, as well as for mitigating adverse effects associated with its absence in child development.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>Another distinctive aspect of this study is the inclusion of family caregivers of children and adolescents diagnosed with Down syndrome, whereas most studies include various conditions grouped under the term “children with neurodevelopmental disorders”.</p>
				<p>Participants’ salivary cortisol levels upon awakening averaged 0.44 µg/dL (12.1 nmol/L). This value is lower than that reported in a cross-sectional study that investigated cortisol levels upon awakening in parents of children with various chronic conditions, such as Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. In that study, the mean cortisol level upon awakening among 31 family caregivers of children with Down syndrome was 19.0 nmol/L.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>Furthermore, another study assessing salivary cortisol levels upon awakening in mothers and primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy reported a mean of 0.70 µg/dL, which is higher than that observed in the present study.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Lower cortisol levels among family caregivers of children with chronic conditions have been identified in studies comparing this biomarker with that of parents of healthy children.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>The hypothesis of reduced cortisol activity is consistent with the concept of a protective physiological response among individuals experiencing chronic stress. Furthermore, low cortisol levels have also been reported in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>According to the results, the mean perceived stress score was 31.9 points, supporting findings from a quantitative study conducted with 57 mothers of children receiving care at a medium-complexity outpatient clinic providing rehabilitation for neuromotor and sensory conditions in a municipality in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. The mean score obtained using the Perceived Stress Scale in that study was 30.56 points.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> In contrast, a study conducted in Turkey with 181 mothers of children with physical and/or mental disabilities reported a lower mean perceived stress score of 24.99.</p>
				<p>The regression models applied to analyze the association between the variables of interest and salivary cortisol levels and perceived stress did not show statistically significant associations with most sociodemographic variables, except for occupation. In contrast, the previously cited study identified a negative correlation between perceived stress levels and the variables “maternal age” and “family income”; that is, mothers with higher perceived stress levels were younger and had lower family income (p = 0.0018 and p = 0.0284, respectively).<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>Furthermore, contrary to the present findings, a meta-analysis examining the relationship between parental stress and marital status showed that married or cohabiting parents reported lower parental stress (p &lt;0.001).</p>
				<p>According to the analyses performed, it is estimated that, on average, family members with paid employment have cortisol levels 0.263 µg/dL higher than those without paid employment. No studies were identified reporting a statistically significant association between occupation and cortisol levels among family caregivers. Although it does not directly address occupation, a 2011 study involving mothers of children with cerebral palsy reported an association between family income and cortisol concentration. According to the authors, mothers living in precarious socioeconomic conditions while caring for a child with disabilities presented higher stress levels.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>The main limitations of this study include the use of convenience sampling and the absence of a prior sample size calculation, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other caregiver populations. Additionally, low participation of family members other than mothers was observed. Therefore, future studies should include broader family participation and adopt probabilistic sampling methods to strengthen the robustness and external validity of results.</p>
				<p>As for practical implications, this study contributes to the existing literature on the challenges faced by family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. In addition, it reinforces the importance of incorporating objective measures in nursing research to complement the self-reported stress measures commonly used in studies on family care.</p>
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				<title>Conclusion</title>
				<p>The results indicated scores consistent with moderate perceived stress levels among family caregivers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome, with no factors identified as associated with this outcome. Mean salivary cortisol concentrations upon awakening remained within normal limits. In the adjusted regression model, the variable “occupation” was the only factor that remained statistically associated with cortisol levels.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors express their gratitude for the partnership, collaboration, commitment, and dedication throughout all stages of this study, from conception to manuscript completion. They also thank their families for their support, encouragement, and understanding during the development of this work. The authors extend their gratitude to all who directly or indirectly contributed to this research, especially the study participants, whose availability and trust made this study possible.</p>
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					<label>Data availability:</label>
					<p> The study data are available in this article.</p>
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