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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sobep</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros Pediatras</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Soc. Bras. Enferm. Ped</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2238-202X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros Pediatras</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31508/1676-3793202513</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores associados ao tempo de permanência do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica em lactentes</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Factores relacionados con el tiempo de permanencia del apósito del catéter central de inserción periférica en lactantes</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5376-6320</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela Cavalcante de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declaram que contribuíram para a concepção do estudo</role>
					<role>coleta de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do conteúdo intelectual</role>
					<role>aprovação da versão final a ser publicada</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0288-5714</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Toriyama</surname>
						<given-names>Aurea Tamami Minagawa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declaram que contribuíram para a concepção do estudo</role>
					<role>coleta de dados</role>
					<role>análise</role>
					<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do conteúdo intelectual</role>
					<role>aprovação da versão final a ser publicada</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5474-0245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Verissimo</surname>
						<given-names>Maria De La Ó Ramalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declaram que contribuíram para a concepção do estudo</role>
					<role>coleta de dados</role>
					<role>análise</role>
					<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do conteúdo intelectual</role>
					<role>aprovação da versão final a ser publicada</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7977-6431</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Mily Constanza Moreno</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declaram que contribuíram para a concepção do estudo</role>
					<role>coleta de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do conteúdo intelectual</role>
					<role>aprovação da versão final a ser publicada</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário Senac</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Universitário Senac, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Psiquiatria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Psiquiatria da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Autor correspondente:</label> Daniela Cavalcante de Negri | E-mail: <email>dcnegri@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Conflitos de interesse:</label>
					<p>nada a declarar.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>25</volume>
			<elocation-id>eSOBEP202513</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Verificar o tempo de permanência do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (CCIP) em lactentes e sua correlação com variáveis demográficas e clínicas do lactente, do cateter e dos cuidados de enfermagem.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Estudo prospectivo, descritivo-analítico, realizado na unidade neonatal de um hospital pediátrico público, incluindo 23 lactentes submetidos à inserção de CCIP com avaliação diária do curativo. Foram analisadas variáveis demográficas e clínicas do lactente, do cateter e dos cuidados de enfermagem, utilizando os testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e nível de significância de 5%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> O tempo de permanência do curativo variou de dois a 11 dias (média de 3,7 dias), sendo a sujidade o principal motivo para sua troca. Maior tempo de permanência do curativo esteve associado à idade gestacional a termo, maior tempo de internação hospitalar, maior calibre do cateter, uso de analgesia, tempo prolongado de utilização do cateter, infusão intermitente, politerapia, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, uso de incubadora, banho no leito e deslocamento do cateter.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> O tempo de permanência do curativo variou entre os lactentes e foi influenciado por fatores clínicos, relacionados ao cateter e aos cuidados de enfermagem, destacando prioridades para sua manutenção.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Verificar el tiempo de permanencia del apósito del catéter central de inserción periférica (CCIP) en lactantes y su correlación con variables demográficas y clínicas del lactante, del catéter y de los cuidados de enfermería.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo-analítico, realizado en la unidad neonatal de un hospital pediátrico público, en el que se incluyeron 23 lactantes sometidos a la inserción de un CCIP con evaluación diaria del apósito. Se analizaron las variables demográficas y clínicas del lactante, del catéter y de los cuidados de enfermería, utilizando las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y un nivel de significación del 5 %.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> El tiempo de permanencia del apósito osciló entre dos y once días (media de 3,7 días), siendo la suciedad el motivo principal para su cambio. Un mayor tiempo de permanencia del apósito se asoció a la edad gestacional a término, un mayor tiempo de hospitalización, un mayor calibre del catéter, el uso de analgesia, un tiempo prolongado de uso del catéter, la infusión intermitente, la politerapia, la hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, el uso de la incubadora, el baño en la cama y el desplazamiento del catéter.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p> El tiempo de permanencia del apósito varió entre los lactantes y se vio influido por factores clínicos, relacionados con el catéter y con los cuidados de enfermería, lo que pone de relieve las prioridades para su mantenimiento.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Descritores:</title>
				<kwd>Enfermagem neonatal</kwd>
				<kwd>Prática baseada em evidências</kwd>
				<kwd>Cateterismo por CCIP</kwd>
				<kwd>Recém-nascido</kwd>
				<kwd>Avaliação de tecnologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Descriptores:</title>
				<kwd>Enfermería neonatal</kwd>
				<kwd>Práctica basada en la evidencia</kwd>
				<kwd>Cateterismo por CCIP</kwd>
				<kwd>Recién nacido</kwd>
				<kwd>Evaluación de tecnologías</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="28"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>Os Cateteres Centrais de Inserção Periférica (CCIPs) são os dispositivos mais frequentemente utilizados em unidades neonatais. Eles garantem uma inserção menos traumática para os lactentes, além de maior confiabilidade do acesso, menor risco de flebite, infiltração ou extravasamento, entre outras vantagens.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Os procedimentos relacionados ao CCIP, especialmente aqueles referentes à inserção e à remoção desse tipo de cateter, já foram amplamente pesquisados.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>Além disso, estudos sobre sua relação com infecção da corrente sanguínea, necessidade de analgesia, procedimentos para sua adoção e manutenção, locais adequados para inserção, tipos de infusão e causas de remoção não eletiva, entre outros aspectos, possibilitaram o estabelecimento de recomendações internacionais.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Portanto, apesar dos avanços em outros aspectos do manejo do CCIP, a base de evidências referente ao tipo ideal de curativo e ao seu manejo permanece insuficientemente padronizada,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>reforçando a necessidade de novas investigações bem delineadas nessa população.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Considerando o papel central do enfermeiro no manejo do CCIP,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>particularmente na avaliação, manutenção e substituição do curativo, a produção de evidências que subsidiem a tomada de decisão clínica nessa área é essencial. Em cenários pediátricos, nos quais os lactentes apresentam maior fragilidade cutânea e maior risco de complicações relacionadas ao cateter, a definição de parâmetros associados ao tempo de permanência do curativo pode contribuir para um cuidado mais seguro, para a redução de manipulações desnecessárias e para a prevenção de eventos adversos.</p>
			<p>Ao identificar os fatores associados ao tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP em lactentes, este estudo busca fornecer dados que possam subsidiar protocolos clínicos, otimizar as práticas de enfermagem e apoiar recomendações baseadas em evidências direcionadas a essa população. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP em lactentes e sua correlação com variáveis demográficas e clínicas do lactente, do cateter e dos cuidados de enfermagem.</p>
			<p>Para a manutenção do CCIP, é essencial utilizar curativos apropriados, eficazes na prevenção da colonização e de infecções, de baixo custo, confortáveis, de fácil utilização e seguros, de modo a evitar a remoção acidental ou danos ao cateter.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>Um estudo prospectivo com 92 lactentes constatou que a frequência de troca do curativo varia de acordo com o tipo de cateter central, destacando menor número de trocas de curativo e de complicações gerais em comparação ao CCIP.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>Outro estudo brasileiro, com 108 lactentes, identificou que mais de duas trocas de curativo estão relacionadas à ocorrência de eventos adversos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>O filme transparente é o padrão-ouro para curativos de cateteres, especialmente os centrais. Recomenda-se manter o curativo por tempo indeterminado, desde que não haja umidade, sujidade ou perda de sua integridade.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>A troca recorrente do curativo do CCIP pode aumentar as reações cutâneas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup> e impactar a remoção não eletiva do cateter, uma vez que existe relação entre maior número de trocas de curativo e infecção da corrente sanguínea, conforme evidenciado em adultos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>Além disso, maior tempo de permanência do curativo evita complicações que levam à remoção não eletiva do cateter, à interrupção da terapia intravenosa, à exposição dos lactentes a um novo procedimento e ao comprometimento da força de trabalho especializada.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, descritivo-analítico, realizado na unidade neonatal de um hospital pediátrico terciário de média complexidade, que presta assistência por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde. Esse hospital, localizado na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo, é referência para a região. A instituição segue rigorosamente as recomendações internacionais para os cuidados, manutenção e remoção do CCIP.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>Além disso, todos os enfermeiros da unidade receberam treinamento sobre o procedimento de troca de curativo antes do início da pesquisa, por meio de aulas sobre as recomendações internacionais para o manejo do CCIP.</p>
			<p>Foram incluídos lactentes internados na unidade neonatal submetidos à inserção de CCIP com curativo estéril de filme transparente.</p>
			<p>Foram excluídos os lactentes transferidos para outra instituição, aqueles admitidos na unidade neonatal com CCIP utilizando curativo estéril de filme transparente e aqueles que apresentaram perda do cateter antes da troca do curativo compressivo.</p>
			<p>A coleta de dados foi realizada prospectivamente a partir da inserção do CCIP, por meio da obtenção de informações dos prontuários e da observação direta e sistemática dos curativos durante visitas diárias à unidade neonatal. Todos os dados foram verificados pela mesma enfermeira, integrante da Comissão de CCIP, que atuava na unidade onde a pesquisa foi desenvolvida. Como membro da comissão, essa enfermeira possuía ampla experiência na avaliação das condições relacionadas ao CCIP.</p>
			<p>Foram avaliados os intervalos entre as trocas de curativo (número de dias), desde a substituição do curativo compressivo de gaze e filme transparente pelo curativo convencional, composto apenas por filme transparente. Além disso, foram realizadas as trações necessárias durante a substituição do curativo compressivo pelo convencional.</p>
			<p>O instrumento de coleta de dados foi elaborado pela pesquisadora com base em outros estudos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>O formulário era composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, distribuídas em duas partes: (a) variáveis não modificáveis (características demográficas e do cateter); e (b) variáveis modificáveis (características clínicas, terapia intravenosa e cuidados de enfermagem relacionados ao lactente e ao cateter). Ambas as partes foram submetidas à avaliação de dois enfermeiros neonatais com experiência na área antes da implementação do estudo. Além disso, a integridade da pele foi avaliada por meio do <italic>Newborn Skin Condition Score</italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>antes da inserção do cateter e durante as trocas de curativo, observando-se as complicações cutâneas locais.</p>
			<p>Todos os procedimentos relacionados aos curativos do CCIP no local do estudo seguiram as recomendações internacionais, utilizando clorexidina alcoólica a 0,5%, gaze estéril e luvas estéreis. Além disso, foi utilizado filme transparente de polietileno e poliuretano, com adesivo de poliacrilato e papel de silicone branco, da marca Leukomed I.V Film<sup>®</sup>, nas dimensões de 6 × 8 cm, associado a fitas estabilizadoras para fixação das asas do cateter.</p>
			<p>A variável dependente foi o tempo máximo de permanência do curativo do CCIP, ou seja, o número de dias em que o curativo permaneceu no local pelo maior período em cada lactente submetido à inserção do CCIP. As variáveis independentes foram divididas em três grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caracterização das variáveis dependente e independentes</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tipo de variável</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Categoria</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Dependente</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Tempo máximo de permanência do curativo do CCIP (dias)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Independente</td>
								<td>Características do lactente</td>
								<td>Sexo; cor da pele; idade gestacional ao nascimento; local do curativo do CCIP; estado nutricional antes da inserção; idade cronológica na inserção; peso na inserção e na retirada; tempo de internação hospitalar; diagnóstico principal; escores de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos; exames laboratoriais (plaquetas, hematócrito e hemácias); escore de condição da pele na admissão.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Independente</td>
								<td>Características do CCIP e da infusão</td>
								<td>Calibre do cateter; local da punção; lado do corpo; método de inserção; uso de torniquete; uso de analgesia; uso de contraste; posição do CCIP; tração após a inserção; número de indicações para inserção; número de métodos para alívio da dor; tempo de permanência do CCIP; tipo de infusão; tipo de terapia intravenosa.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Independente</td>
								<td>Características dos cuidados de enfermagem</td>
								<td>Unidade de internação; tipo de acomodação; temperatura média da incubadora; temperatura média do lactente; uso de isolamento; tipo de banho; participação do cuidador.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Legenda: CCIP – Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os dados foram digitados em duplicidade em planilha do Microsoft Excel (versão 2010) e analisados no programa R, versão 3.5.1 (Microsoft<sup>®</sup>, Washington, EUA), por um estatístico. As variáveis categóricas foram descritas por frequências absolutas e relativas. As variáveis numéricas foram analisadas por médias, desvios padrão e medianas. Para estabelecer as correlações entre as variáveis dependente e independentes, foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e teste de correlação. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%.</p>
			<p>A pesquisa foi autorizada pela diretoria médica e de enfermagem do hospital e aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética nº 86761818.3.0000.5392; Parecer nº 2.660.410). Além disso, todos os aspectos éticos relacionados às pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos foram respeitados, de acordo com a Resolução nº 466, de dezembro de 2012, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados entre maio e novembro de 2018, após a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelos responsáveis legais dos lactentes, solicitada no momento da indicação do CCIP.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Recrutamento e perdas</title>
				<p>Dos 29 lactentes que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, 23 foram incluídos. Dois foram excluídos devido à transferência para outro serviço, e quatro devido à perda do cateter antes da troca do curativo compressivo. Além disso, dois dos 21 lactentes incluídos necessitaram de uma nova inserção de CCIP e foram reincluídos no estudo como novos participantes, totalizando 23 lactentes para análise.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Características clínicas e demográficas</title>
				<p>A maioria dos lactentes era do sexo masculino (87%), branca (82,6%), nascida a termo (69,6%), encontrava-se em tratamento por morbidades geniturinárias (30,5%) ou respiratórias (26,1%) e apresentava estado nutricional adequado (69,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre o tempo médio de permanência do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica e as características demográficas e clínicas da amostra (n=23)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total n(%)</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Média de permanência do curativo</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Média</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">DP</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Masculino</td>
									<td align="center">20(87,0)</td>
									<td align="center">3,8</td>
									<td align="center">3,172</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-6,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,8889†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Feminino</td>
									<td align="center">3(13,0)</td>
									<td align="center">3,0</td>
									<td align="center">2,646</td>
									<td align="center">4,5-4,5</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cor da pele</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Branca</td>
									<td align="center">19(82,6)</td>
									<td align="center">4,1</td>
									<td align="center">3,117</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,2467†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Parda</td>
									<td align="center">4(17,4)</td>
									<td align="center">2,0</td>
									<td align="center">2,449</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-4,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade gestacional</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pré-termo</td>
									<td align="center">7(30,4)</td>
									<td align="center">1,7</td>
									<td align="center">3,147</td>
									<td align="center">6,0-6,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,0267†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>A termo</td>
									<td align="center">16(69,6)</td>
									<td align="center">4,6</td>
									<td align="center">2,683</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-6,5</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Morbidade em tratamento</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Geniturinária</td>
									<td align="center">7(30,5)</td>
									<td align="center">1,6</td>
									<td align="center">2,070</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-3,0</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">0,1357‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Respiratória</td>
									<td align="center">6(26,1)</td>
									<td align="center">3,2</td>
									<td align="center">3,125</td>
									<td align="center">2,0-8,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">5(21,7)</td>
									<td align="center">5,6</td>
									<td align="center">2,060</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-7,5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Neurológica</td>
									<td align="center">2(8,7)</td>
									<td align="center">4,0</td>
									<td align="center">4,000</td>
									<td align="center">1,0-3,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gastrintestinal</td>
									<td align="center">2(8,7)</td>
									<td align="center">7,5</td>
									<td align="center">4,949</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-11,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hematológica</td>
									<td align="center">1(4,3)</td>
									<td align="center">4,0</td>
									<td align="center">4,000</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-4,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Estado nutricional antes da inserção do CCIP</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Adequado</td>
									<td align="center">16(69,6)</td>
									<td align="center">4,2</td>
									<td align="center">2,910</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,2199†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Inadequado</td>
									<td align="center">7(30,4)</td>
									<td align="center">2,4</td>
									<td align="center">3,259</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-8,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Calibre</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1,9 French</td>
									<td align="center">9(39,1)</td>
									<td align="center">1,7</td>
									<td align="center">2,121</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-4,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,0111†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>3,0 French</td>
									<td align="center">14(60,9)</td>
									<td align="center">5,0</td>
									<td align="center">2,909</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-7,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Local de punção do cateter</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cefalocervical</td>
									<td align="center">10(43,5)</td>
									<td align="center">4,0</td>
									<td align="center">2,582</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,4232‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Membro superior</td>
									<td align="center">12(52,1)</td>
									<td align="center">3,7</td>
									<td align="center">3,467</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-8,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Membro inferior</td>
									<td align="center">1(4,4)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hemicorpo</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Direito</td>
									<td align="center">13(56,5)</td>
									<td align="center">3,5</td>
									<td align="center">2,933</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,7759†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">10(43,5)</td>
									<td align="center">3,9</td>
									<td align="center">3,381</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-9,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Método de punção</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Direto</td>
									<td align="center">17(73,9)</td>
									<td align="center">4,2</td>
									<td align="center">3,153</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">0,2113†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Indireto</td>
									<td align="center">6(26,1)</td>
									<td align="center">2,2</td>
									<td align="center">2,401</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-4,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uso de analgesia</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">15(65,2)</td>
									<td align="center">4,7</td>
									<td align="center">3,105</td>
									<td align="center">4,0-7,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,0123†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">8(34,8)</td>
									<td align="center">1,7</td>
									<td align="center">1,909</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-4,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uso de contraste</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">22(95,7)</td>
									<td align="center">3,9</td>
									<td align="center">3,028</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-6,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,1911†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">1(4,3)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Posição do CCIP</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Central</td>
									<td align="center">16(69,6)</td>
									<td align="center">4,1</td>
									<td align="center">3,415</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-7,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,4534†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Periférica</td>
									<td align="center">7(30,4)</td>
									<td align="center">2,0</td>
									<td align="center">2,116</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-4,5</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tração após a inserção</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">14(60,9)</td>
									<td align="center">3,4</td>
									<td align="center">1,697</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-4,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,9605†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">9(39,1)</td>
									<td align="center">4,1</td>
									<td align="center">4,567</td>
									<td align="center">5,0-10,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Legenda: DP – desvio padrão; IC95% - Intervalo de Conteúdo de 95%; CCIP - Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica; †Teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney; ‡Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inserção do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica</title>
				<p>As indicações para inserção do CCIP foram uso prolongado de antibióticos (69,5%), fragilidade venosa (52,1%), uso de drogas vasoativas (21,7%), hidratação venosa (17,3%), sedação (4,3%) e outras indicações (4,3%). Os métodos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor utilizados durante a inserção foram contenção (52,1%), contenção associada ao uso de chupeta (17,3%), contenção associada à solução adocicada (35%) e solução adocicada associada ao uso de chupeta (26%); os métodos farmacológicos, associados aos métodos não farmacológicos, foram utilizados em aproximadamente 65% dos lactentes.</p>
				<p>Durante a permanência do CCIP, sete lactentes (30,4%) permaneceram internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, quatro (17,4%) na unidade de cuidados intermediários, um (4,3%) alternou entre terapia intensiva e cuidados intermediários, cinco (21,7%) entre terapia intensiva e semi-intensiva e quatro (17,4%) entre cuidados semi-intensivos e intermediários.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Troca do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica</title>
				<p>A maioria (87%) das substituições do curativo compressivo pelo filme transparente foi realizada antes de 48 horas. Entretanto, dois curativos (8,7%) foram substituídos após 48 horas, e um CCIP (4,3%) foi removido antes da primeira troca do curativo compressivo para o filme transparente. Os principais motivos para a troca do curativo foram sujidade (43,9%), perda da integridade (41,5%) e presença de umidade (14,6%).</p>
				<p>O acompanhamento dos 23 lactentes totalizou 252 dias de seguimento, durante os quais os curativos do CCIP foram trocados 41 vezes. O tempo médio de permanência do curativo foi de 3,7 dias: 2,9 dias antes da segunda troca; três dias antes da terceira; cinco dias antes da quarta; e 6,5 dias antes da quinta troca.</p>
				<p>Considerando as 41 trocas de curativo, o tempo de permanência foi de um dia para seis lactentes (14,6%), dois dias para sete (17,1%), três dias para sete (17,1%), quatro dias para 11 (26,8%), cinco dias para seis (14,6%) e seis, oito, dez e 11 dias para apenas um lactente (2,4%). Assim, o maior tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP foi de 11 dias, observado em apenas um lactente (2,4%), enquanto o tempo médio de permanência de quatro dias foi o mais frequente, ocorrendo em 11 lactentes (26,8%).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Correlações entre o número de trocas do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica e as características sociodemográficas e clínicas</title>
				<p>O nascimento a termo esteve associado a maior tempo médio de permanência do curativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) e, à medida que o número de dias de internação aumentou, o curativo tendeu a permanecer por mais tempo (p = 0,018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlação entre o tempo médio de permanência do curativo do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica e as características demográficas e clínicas da amostra (n=23)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Média</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Coeficiente de correlação*</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade cronológica (dias)</td>
									<td align="center">34,35</td>
									<td align="center">0,010</td>
									<td align="center">0,9650</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso na data da inserção (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">3304,57</td>
									<td align="center">0,254</td>
									<td align="center">0,2430</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso na data da remoção (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">3500,00</td>
									<td align="center">0,327</td>
									<td align="center">0,1280</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tempo de internação hospitalar (dias)</td>
									<td align="center">22,40</td>
									<td align="center">0,490</td>
									<td align="center">0,0180</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de diagnósticos</td>
									<td align="center">2,69</td>
									<td align="center">0,218</td>
									<td align="center">0,3180</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Índice de Apgar de 1 minuto</td>
									<td align="center">8,48</td>
									<td align="center">-0,048</td>
									<td align="center">0,8260</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Índice de Apgar de 5 minutos</td>
									<td align="center">9,39</td>
									<td align="center">0,030</td>
									<td align="center">0,8910</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Plaquetas (milhares)</td>
									<td align="center">390,00</td>
									<td align="center">-0,125</td>
									<td align="center">0,5700</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hematócrito (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">33,06</td>
									<td align="center">-0,309</td>
									<td align="center">0,1510</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hemácias (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">10,70</td>
									<td align="center">-0,341</td>
									<td align="center">0,1120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pontuação da condição da pele</td>
									<td align="center">3,18</td>
									<td align="center">-0,079</td>
									<td align="center">0,7190</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de motivos para a inserção</td>
									<td align="center">1,74</td>
									<td align="center">-0,213</td>
									<td align="center">0,3290</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de métodos de alívio da dor</td>
									<td align="center">2,43</td>
									<td align="center">-0,242</td>
									<td align="center">0,2650</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Comprimento de inserção do cateter (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">14,30</td>
									<td align="center">-0,049</td>
									<td align="center">0,8240</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Comprimento de exteriorização do cateter (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">8,11</td>
									<td align="center">0,182</td>
									<td align="center">0,4060</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tempo de permanência do CCIP (dias)</td>
									<td align="center">10,96</td>
									<td align="center">0,909</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,0010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tipo de infusão</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Infusão contínua</td>
									<td align="center">4,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,385</td>
									<td align="center">0,0700‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Infusão intermitente</td>
									<td align="center">8,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,828</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0010‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sem infusão</td>
									<td align="center">3,6</td>
									<td align="center">0,289</td>
									<td align="center">0,1930‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tipo de terapia intravenosa</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Politerapia</td>
									<td align="center">10,10</td>
									<td align="center">0,798</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Monoterapia</td>
									<td align="center">3,18</td>
									<td align="center">0,160</td>
									<td align="center">0,4650</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Unidade de internação</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Terapia intensiva</td>
									<td align="center">9,75</td>
									<td align="center">0,544</td>
									<td align="center">0,0070‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Semi-intensiva</td>
									<td align="center">4,56</td>
									<td align="center">0,264</td>
									<td align="center">0,2240‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cuidados intermediários</td>
									<td align="center">6,18</td>
									<td align="center">-0,187</td>
									<td align="center">0,3920‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Acomodação</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Incubadora</td>
									<td align="center">9,58</td>
									<td align="center">0,598</td>
									<td align="center">0,0030</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Berço comum</td>
									<td align="center">6,50</td>
									<td align="center">0,084</td>
									<td align="center">0,7020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Temperatura média da incubadora (˚C)</td>
									<td align="center">30,76</td>
									<td align="center">-0,032</td>
									<td align="center">0,8960</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Temperatura média do lactente (˚C)</td>
									<td align="center">36,70</td>
									<td align="center">0,412</td>
									<td align="center">0,0510</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Isolamento (dias)</td>
									<td align="center">6,67</td>
									<td align="center">0,231</td>
									<td align="center">0,2890</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tipo de banho</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Leite</td>
									<td align="center">7,53</td>
									<td align="center">0,553</td>
									<td align="center">0,0060</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Imersão</td>
									<td align="center">7,53</td>
									<td align="center">0,074</td>
									<td align="center">0,7360</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Participação dos responsáveis</td>
									<td align="center">7,06</td>
									<td align="center">0,143</td>
									<td align="center">0,5140</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Legenda: CCIP - Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica; *Teste de correlação de Spearman; ‡Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O número de dias de utilização do CCIP, a infusão intermitente, o regime de politerapia, a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, a permanência em incubadora e o banho no leito apresentaram correlação positiva com o tempo de permanência do curativo (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Quanto à associação entre o tempo médio de permanência do curativo e o motivo de retirada do CCIP, complicações relacionadas ao cateter, infecção ou suspeita de infecção e deslocamento do cateter, houve correlação estatisticamente significativa apenas com o deslocamento do CCIP (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre o tempo médio de permanência do curativo e o motivo de retirada, complicações, infecção ou suspeita de infecção e deslocamento do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (n=23)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total n(%)</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Média de permanência do curativo</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Média</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">DP</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">IC95%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Motivo da retirada do CCIP</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Término do tratamento</td>
									<td align="center">14(60,9)</td>
									<td align="center">3,4</td>
									<td align="center">2,243</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-5,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,3079‡</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Complicações do cateter</td>
									<td align="center">7(30,5)</td>
									<td align="center">3,1</td>
									<td align="center">4,018</td>
									<td align="center">2,0-11,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Complicações locais</td>
									<td align="center">1(4,3)</td>
									<td align="center">10,0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">10,0-10,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Suspeita de infecção relacionada ao cateter</td>
									<td align="center">1(4,3)</td>
									<td align="center">5,0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">5,0-5,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Complicações do cateter ou suspeita de infecção</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">14(60,9)</td>
									<td align="center">3,4</td>
									<td align="center">2,243</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-5,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,8220<sup>§</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">9(39,1)</td>
									<td align="center">4,1</td>
									<td align="center">4,167</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-10,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Deslocamento do cateter</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">17(73,9)</td>
									<td align="center">3,1</td>
									<td align="center">3,162</td>
									<td align="center">3,0-7,0</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,0010<sup>§</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">6(26,1)</td>
									<td align="center">5,5</td>
									<td align="center">8,000</td>
									<td align="center">5,0-5,0</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Legenda: DP – desvio padrão; CCIP - Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica; ‡Teste de Kruskal-Wallis; §Teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Este estudo demonstrou baixo tempo médio de permanência do curativo do CCIP e elevado número de trocas de curativo entre os lactentes. Além disso, o maior tempo de permanência do curativo esteve correlacionado ao nascimento a termo, ao maior calibre do cateter, ao uso de analgesia durante a inserção do cateter, ao maior tempo de internação hospitalar, ao maior número de dias de utilização do cateter, ao uso de infusão intermitente, à politerapia, à internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, ao uso de incubadora, ao banho no leito e ao deslocamento do cateter.</p>
			<p>O tempo médio de 3,7 dias para a troca do curativo do CCIP foi inferior ao relatado na maioria dos estudos sobre o tema,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> sendo observadas até cinco trocas de curativo durante a utilização do CCIP. Além disso, um estudo verificou que a realização de mais de duas trocas de curativo esteve associada à ocorrência de eventos adversos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Um estudo que comparou o CCIP com outros tipos de cateteres centrais quanto à necessidade de troca do curativo constatou que os lactentes que utilizaram CCIP apresentaram necessidade duas vezes menor de troca do filme transparente, além de menor número de tentativas de inserção, menor tempo de internação hospitalar e menor número de complicações gerais.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>Além disso, um ensaio clínico controlado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> determinou a frequência adequada de troca do curativo de cateter venoso central em 162 recém-nascidos pré-termo para prevenção de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter, comparando trocas semanais regulares (WR) com trocas não regulares (NR). Os resultados demonstraram média de 5,8 dias no grupo WR e de 9,3 dias no grupo NR, valores muito superiores aos encontrados no presente estudo.</p>
			<p>Os estudos envolvendo o uso de cateteres centrais nem sempre informam o calibre do cateter utilizado em lactentes, porém são frequentes os calibres de 2,0 <italic>French</italic> ou menores.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>Tentativas utilizando cateteres de maior calibre também foram realizadas, sem demonstrarem danos adicionais nessa população.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>Entretanto, os achados deste estudo mostraram que a utilização de cateteres de 3 <italic>French</italic> esteve associada a maior tempo de permanência do curativo. Esse achado pode estar relacionado à dificuldade de fixação da porção distal dos cateteres de menor calibre, o que pode favorecer a perda acidental do cateter por ruptura, um maior número de trocas de curativo,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>ou perda da adesão nas bordas do curativo ao longo do seu uso, conforme observado em adultos.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>O uso de analgesia durante a inserção do cateter pode ter contribuído para o maior tempo de permanência do curativo, pois reduziu a agitação do lactente provocada pela dor, bem como possíveis lesões venosas e sangramentos, considerando que a sujidade no local da inserção constitui uma das principais razões para a troca do curativo. Dessa forma, a adoção de medidas de conforto na amostra deste estudo foi mais frequente do que a observada em outras pesquisas. Um estudo brasileiro, que avaliou 254 inserções de CCIP, identificou o uso de analgesia em apenas 34,6% dos lactentes, evidenciando a necessidade de implementação de protocolos e diretrizes nas instituições de saúde para o manejo adequado da dor nessa população.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Embora estudos tenham relatado associação entre o uso do CCIP e a ocorrência de infecção da corrente sanguínea,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup> neste estudo não foi observado desfecho infeccioso relacionado ao CCIP.</p>
			<p>A correlação positiva entre internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, uso de incubadora, politerapia e infusões intermitentes com o tempo de permanência do curativo sugere que a maior frequência de cuidados de enfermagem presente nessas situações pode estar relacionada ao maior tempo médio de permanência do curativo.</p>
			<p>A umidade do curativo do CCIP é um fator extrínseco que interfere na integridade da pele dos lactentes.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>Portanto, recomenda-se proteger o curativo durante outros tipos de banho, como o banho de imersão, quando o dispositivo estiver em uso.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>Assim, o banho no leito constitui um fator de proteção que pode aumentar o tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP, devendo ser considerado no planejamento da assistência.</p>
			<p>Diversos fatores podem contribuir para o deslocamento do cateter, como perda da integridade do curativo, qualidade do curativo utilizado, condição da pele dos lactentes, menor idade dos pacientes e menor experiência dos pais e dos profissionais.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>Esta pesquisa demonstrou que o deslocamento ocorreu quando o curativo permaneceu por mais tempo, possivelmente devido a falhas na inspeção diária ou mesmo durante a realização do curativo, seja em razão da agitação dos lactentes durante a troca ou da técnica utilizada para remoção do curativo. Dessa forma, esse achado pode contribuir para a remoção não eletiva do cateter em decorrência do posicionamento não central, considerado fator de risco para complicações.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>Diferentes intervenções podem prevenir o deslocamento do CCIP, como o uso de produtos à base de silicone que auxiliam na remoção do curativo,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup> a utilização de fitas estabilizadoras ou tiras de aproximação de pele (Steri-Strips<sup>®</sup>) ao longo do corpo do cateter,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup> especialmente durante as trocas de curativo, ou ainda o uso de malhas elásticas ou fixações secundárias não estéreis ao longo do dia.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup></p>
			<p>O conhecimento dos fatores associados ao tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP pode contribuir para o planejamento dos cuidados de enfermagem aos lactentes submetidos ao CCIP e para a redução de complicações. Além disso, esses achados podem subsidiar futuros estudos epidemiológicos e clínicos que fortaleçam a prática profissional.</p>
			<p>O estudo apresentou algumas limitações, como ter sido conduzido em um único centro, não ter avaliado a técnica de troca do curativo do CCIP (remoção e aplicação do filme transparente), utilizar apenas uma marca de filme transparente e contar com uma amostra reduzida, composta por apenas 23 crianças.</p>
			<p>Essas associações podem auxiliar na identificação dos lactentes que devem ser priorizados nos cuidados de enfermagem. Assim, os lactentes pré-termo, com CCIP de menor calibre, em infusão contínua, submetidos à monoterapia, que não estavam internados em unidades de terapia intensiva ou semi-intensiva, acomodados em berço comum e submetidos ao banho de imersão, por apresentarem menor tempo médio de permanência do curativo do CCIP, foram os mais expostos às complicações decorrentes das trocas frequentes.</p>
			<p>Por fim, é importante destacar que os achados referentes ao uso de analgesia associado ao maior tempo de permanência do curativo sugerem que esse aspecto deve ser considerado na elaboração e implementação de protocolos para inserção do CCIP.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusão</title>
			<p>Este estudo demonstrou que o tempo médio de permanência do curativo do CCIP em lactentes apresentou ampla variação. As variáveis associadas ao maior tempo de permanência do curativo do CCIP foram idade gestacional a termo, maior tempo de internação hospitalar, maior calibre do cateter, uso de analgesia durante a inserção do cateter, infusão intermitente, politerapia, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, uso de incubadora, banho no leito e deslocamento do cateter.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Disponibilidade dos dados:</label>
				<p> Os dados do estudo estão disponibilizados no presente artigo.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31508/1676-3793202513i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell in infants</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5376-6320</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela Cavalcante de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declare that they contributed to the study conception</role>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>manuscript writing</role>
					<role>critical review of the intellectual content</role>
					<role>approval of the final version to be published</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0288-5714</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Toriyama</surname>
						<given-names>Aurea Tamami Minagawa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declare that they contributed to the study conception</role>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>manuscript writing</role>
					<role>critical review of the intellectual content</role>
					<role>approval of the final version to be published</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5474-0245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Verissimo</surname>
						<given-names>Maria De La Ó Ramalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declare that they contributed to the study conception</role>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>manuscript writing</role>
					<role>critical review of the intellectual content</role>
					<role>approval of the final version to be published</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7977-6431</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Mily Constanza Moreno</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>declare that they contributed to the study conception</role>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>manuscript writing</role>
					<role>critical review of the intellectual content</role>
					<role>approval of the final version to be published</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Universitário Senac, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Psiquiatria da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3001">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001">
					<label>Corresponding author:</label> Daniela Cavalcante de Negri | E-mail: dcnegri@gmail.com: </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Conflicts of interest:</label>
					<p>nothing to declare.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<elocation-id>eSOBEP202513i</elocation-id>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To verify the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) dressing dwell time in infants and its correlation with infant, catheter, and nursing care demographic and clinical variables.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> Prospective, descriptive-analytical study conducted at the neonatal unit of a public pediatric hospital, including 23 infants undergoing PICC insertion with daily dressing assessment. We analyzed infant, catheter, and nursing care demographic and clinical variables, using the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests, correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation, and a 5% significance level.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Dressing dwell time ranged from 2 to 11 days (mean 3.7), with soiling as the main reason for change. Longer dwell time was associated with full-term gestational age, longer hospital stay, larger catheter gauge, analgesia use, prolonged catheter use, intermittent infusion, polytherapy, intensive care admission, incubator use, bed bath, and catheter displacement.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> dressing dwell time varied among infants and was influenced by clinical, catheter, and nursing care factors, highlighting priorities for maintenance.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Neonatal nursing</kwd>
				<kwd>Evidence-based practice</kwd>
				<kwd>PICC Line Catheterization</kwd>
				<kwd>Newborn</kwd>
				<kwd>Technology Assessment</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters are devices used most frequently in neonatal units. They guarantee a less traumatic insertion for infants, in addition to greater reliability of access, lower risk of phlebitis, infiltration, or extravasation, among other advantages.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Procedures related to the peripherally inserted central catheter, especially related to the insertion and removal of this type of catheter, have already been extensively researched.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup> Furthermore, studies on its relationship with bloodstream infection, need for analgesia, procedures for its adoption and maintenance, suitable places for its insertion, infusion types, and causes for non-elective withdrawal, among others, made it possible to establish international recommendations.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Therefore, despite advances in other aspects of peripherally inserted central catheter management, the evidence base concerning optimal dressing type and management remains insufficiently standardized,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> reinforcing the need for further well-designed investigations in this population.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Considering the central role of nurses in peripherally inserted central catheter management,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup> particularly in dressing assessment, maintenance, and replacement, generating evidence to support clinical decision-making in this area is essential. In pediatric settings, where infants present greater skin fragility and increased risk of catheter-related complications, defining parameters associated with dressing dwell time may contribute to safer care, reduction of unnecessary manipulations, and prevention of adverse events.</p>
				<p>By identifying factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time in infants, this study seeks to provide data that may inform clinical protocols, optimize nursing practices, and support evidence-based recommendations tailored to this population. Therefore, this study aimed to verify peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time in infants and its correlation with infant, catheter, and nursing care demographic and clinical variables.</p>
				<p>For peripherally inserted central catheter maintenance, it is essential to use appropriate dressings that are effective in preventing colonization and infections, low cost, comfortable, easy to use, and safe to avoid accidental catheter removal or damage.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup> A prospective study with 92 infants found that dressing change frequency varies according to the type of central catheter, emphasizing fewer dressing changes and general complications compared to peripherally inserted central catheter.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup> Another Brazilian study with 108 infants identified that more than two dressing changes are related to the prevalence of adverse events.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Transparent film is the gold standard in catheter dressings, especially central ones. It is recommended to use the dressing indefinitely in the absence of humidity, dirt, or loss of integrity.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup> The recurrent peripherally inserted central catheter dressing change can increase skin reactions<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup> and impact non-elective catheter removal, given that there is a relationship between a greater number of changes and bloodstream infection, as evidenced in adults.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup> In addition, longer dressing duration avoids complications that lead to non-elective catheter removal, interruption of intravenous therapy, exposure of infants to a new procedure, and the commitment of specialized labor.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>A prospective, descriptive-analytical study carried out at the neonatal unit of a tertiary-level pediatric hospital of medium complexity that uses the Public Health System for assistance, the Brazilian health system. This hospital, located in the east of the city of São Paulo, is a reference for the region. The institution strictly follows international standards of peripherally inserted central catheter care, maintenance, and removal.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup> In addition, all nurses in the unit received training on the dressing change procedure before the research with lectures on international recommendations in peripherally inserted central catheter management.</p>
				<p>We included infants admitted to the neonatal unit with peripherally inserted central catheter implantation with a sterile transparent dressing. We excluded infants transferred to another institution.</p>
				<p>We excluded infants transferred to another institution, those admitted to the neonatal unit with a peripherally inserted central catheter using a sterile transparent dressing, and those who experienced catheter loss before the compressive dressing change were excluded.</p>
				<p>Data collection took place prospectively from peripherally inserted central catheter insertion, collecting data from medical records, and direct and systematic observation of dressings in daily visits to the neonatal unit. All data were verified by the same nurse, member of the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Committee, who worked at the unit where the research took place. As a committee member, this nurse had extensive experience assessing peripherally inserted central catheter -related conditions.</p>
				<p>We assessed the intervals between dressing changes (number of days) from the compressive dressing replacement with gauze and transparent film, to conventional dressing, with only transparent film. Moreover, the necessary tractions were performed when replacing the compressive dressing with the conventional one.</p>
				<p>The instrument for data collection was built by the researcher based on other studies9. The form consisted of open- and closed-ended questions presented in two parts: (a) non-modifiable variables (demographic and catheter characteristics), (b) modifiable variables (clinical characteristics, intravenous therapy, infant and catheter nursing care). Both parts were submitted to assessment by two neonatal nurses with experience in the area before implementing the study. Moreover, skin integrity was assessed using the Newborn skin condition instrument<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup> before catheter insertion and during dressing changes, observing local skin complications.</p>
				<p>All procedures related to peripherally inserted central catheter dressings at the study site followed international standards, i.e., they used 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine, sterile gauze, and gloves. In addition, a transparent polyethylene and polyurethane film, polyacrylate adhesive, white silicone paper, brand Leukomed I.V Film®, dimensions 6x8 cm, with stabilizing tapes for fixing the catheter flaps, were used.</p>
				<p>The dependent variable was the maximum dressing duration of the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), that is, the number of days the dressing remained in place for the longest time in each infant who underwent PICCA placement. The independent variables were divided into three groups. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Characterization of dependent and independent variables</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Type of Variable</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Category</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Dependent</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Maximum dwell time of the PICC dressing (days)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Independent</td>
									<td>Infant characteristics</td>
									<td>Sex; skin color; gestational age at birth; PICC dressing site; nutritional status prior to insertion; chronological age at insertion; weight at insertion and removal; length of hospital stay; primary diagnosis; 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores; laboratory tests (platelets, hematocrit, red blood cells); skin condition score at admission</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Independent</td>
									<td>PICC and infusion characteristics</td>
									<td>Catheter gauge; puncture site; body side; insertion method; tourniquet use; analgesia use; contrast use; PICC position; post-insertion traction; number of indications for insertion; number of pain relief methods; duration of PICC use; infusion type; type of intravenous therapy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Independent</td>
									<td>Nursing care characteristics</td>
									<td>Unit allocation; type of accommodation; mean incubator temperature; mean infant temperature; use of insulation; type of bathing; caregiver participation</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p>Caption: PICC - Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Data were double-entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (2010 version) and analyzed in R, version 3.5.1 (Microsoft®, Washington, USA), by a statistician. Categorical variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies. Numerical variables were analyzed with means, standard deviations, and medians. The Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and correlation test were used to establish correlations between the dependent and independent variables. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
				<p>The research was authorized by the (medical and nursing) board of the hospital and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo School of Nursing (Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Consideration No. 86761818.3.0000.5392; Ethics Committee Approval No. 2.660.410). Furthermore, all ethical aspects related to research with human beings were respected, according to Resolution 466 of December 2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council. Data were collected between May and November 2018 upon signing the Informed Consent Form by the infants’ legal guardians, requested at peripherally inserted central catheter indication.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Recruitment and losses</title>
					<p>Of the 29 infants who met the eligibility criteria, 23 were included. Two were excluded due to transfer to another service, and four to catheter loss before compressive dressing change. In addition, two of the 21 infants included required a new peripherally inserted central catheter insertion and were reintroduced into the study as new participants, totaling 23 infants for analysis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
					<p>Most infants were male (87.0%), white (82.6%), term (69.6%), undergoing treatment for genitourinary (30.5%), or respiratory morbidity (26.1%), and with adequate nutritional status (69.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2001">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Association between the mean peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time and sample demographic and clinical characteristics (n=23).</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
										<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total n(%)</th>
										<th align="left" colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Longer dressing maintenance</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">SD</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Sex</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Male</td>
										<td>20(87.0)</td>
										<td>3.8</td>
										<td>3.172</td>
										<td>3.5-6.5</td>
										<td>0.8889†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Female</td>
										<td>3(13.0)</td>
										<td>3.0</td>
										<td>2.646</td>
										<td>4.5-4.5</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Skin color</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>White</td>
										<td>19(82.6)</td>
										<td>4.1</td>
										<td>3.117</td>
										<td>4.0-7.0</td>
										<td>0.2467†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Brown</td>
										<td>4(17.4)</td>
										<td>2.0</td>
										<td>2.449</td>
										<td>4.0-4.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gestational age</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Preterm</td>
										<td>7(30.4)</td>
										<td>1.7</td>
										<td>3.147</td>
										<td>6.0-6.0</td>
										<td>0.0267†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Term</td>
										<td>16(69.6)</td>
										<td>4.6</td>
										<td>2.683</td>
										<td>3.5-6.5</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Morbidity in treatment</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Genitourinary</td>
										<td>7(30.5)</td>
										<td>1.6</td>
										<td>2.070</td>
										<td>3.0-3.0</td>
										<td rowspan="6">0.1357‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Respiratory</td>
										<td>6(26.1)</td>
										<td>3.2</td>
										<td>3.125</td>
										<td>2.0-8.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cardiac</td>
										<td>5(21.7)</td>
										<td>5.6</td>
										<td>2.060</td>
										<td>4.0-7.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Neurological</td>
										<td>2(8.7)</td>
										<td>4.0</td>
										<td>4.000</td>
										<td>1.0-3.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gastrointestinal</td>
										<td>2(8.7)</td>
										<td>7.5</td>
										<td>4.949</td>
										<td>4.0-11.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Blood</td>
										<td>1(4.3)</td>
										<td>4.0</td>
										<td>4.000</td>
										<td>4.0-4.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PICC pre-insertion nutritional status</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Adequate</td>
										<td>16(69.6)</td>
										<td>4.2</td>
										<td>2.910</td>
										<td>3.5-7.0</td>
										<td>0.2199†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inadequate</td>
										<td>7(30.4)</td>
										<td>2.4</td>
										<td>3.259</td>
										<td>4.0-8.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gauge</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>1.9 French</td>
										<td>9(39.1)</td>
										<td>1.7</td>
										<td>2.121</td>
										<td>3.0-4.5</td>
										<td>0.0111†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>3.0 French</td>
										<td>14(60.9)</td>
										<td>5.0</td>
										<td>2.909</td>
										<td>4.0-7.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter puncture site</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cephalocervical</td>
										<td>10(43.5)</td>
										<td>4.0</td>
										<td>2.582</td>
										<td>3.0-7.0</td>
										<td>0.4232‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Upper limb</td>
										<td>12(52.1)</td>
										<td>3.7</td>
										<td>3.467</td>
										<td>4.0-8.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Lower limb</td>
										<td>1(4.4)</td>
										<td>0</td>
										<td>0</td>
										<td>-</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cerebral hemisphere</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Right</td>
										<td>13(56.5)</td>
										<td>3.5</td>
										<td>2.933</td>
										<td>3.0-7.0</td>
										<td>0.7759†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Left</td>
										<td>10(43.5)</td>
										<td>3.9</td>
										<td>3.381</td>
										<td>3.5-9.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Puncture method</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Direct</td>
										<td>17(73.9)</td>
										<td>4.2</td>
										<td>3.153</td>
										<td>3.5-7.0</td>
										<td>0.2113†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Indirect</td>
										<td>6(26.1)</td>
										<td>2.2</td>
										<td>2.401</td>
										<td>4.0-4.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Analgesia use</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td>15(65.2)</td>
										<td>4.7</td>
										<td>3.105</td>
										<td>4.0-7.5</td>
										<td>0.0123†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td>8(34.8)</td>
										<td>1.7</td>
										<td>1.909</td>
										<td>3.0-4.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contrast use</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td>22(95.7)</td>
										<td>3.9</td>
										<td>3.028</td>
										<td>3.5-6.5</td>
										<td>0.1911†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td>1(4.3)</td>
										<td>0</td>
										<td>-</td>
										<td>-</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PICC site</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Central</td>
										<td>16(69.6)</td>
										<td>4.1</td>
										<td>3.415</td>
										<td>3.5-7.5</td>
										<td>0.4534†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Peripheral</td>
										<td>7(30.4)</td>
										<td>2.0</td>
										<td>2.116</td>
										<td>3.5-4.5</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Traction after insertion</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td>14(60.9)</td>
										<td>3.4</td>
										<td>1.697</td>
										<td>3.5-4.5</td>
										<td>0.9605†</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td>9(39.1)</td>
										<td>4.1</td>
										<td>4.567</td>
										<td>5.0-10.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2001">
									<p>Caption: SD - standard deviation; PICC - Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter †Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; ‡Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter insertion</title>
					<p>The reasons for peripherally inserted central catheter insertion were prolonged antibiotic use (69.5%), venous fragility (52.1%), vasoactive drug (21.7%), venous hydration (17.3%), sedation (4.3 %) and others (4.3%). Non-pharmacological pain relief methods used during insertion were restraint (52.1%), restraint and pacifier (17.3%), restraint and sweetened solution (35%), and sweetened solution and pacifier (26.0%); the pharmacological methods associated with the non-pharmacological ones covered about 65% of infants.</p>
					<p>During the peripherally inserted central catheter stay, seven infants (30.4%) were allocated to the Intensive Care Unit, and four infants (17.4%) were allocated to intermediate care. The others moved between care units, one infant in intensive care and intermediate care (4.3%), five in intensive and semi-intensive care (21.7%), and four in semi-intensive and intermediate care (17.4%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Peripherally inserted central catheter dressing change</title>
					<p>Most (87.0%) compressive dressing replacements by the transparent film were performed before 48 hours. However, two dressings (8.7%) were replaced after 48 hours, and one (4.3%) peripherally inserted central catheter was removed before the first change from compressive dressing to transparent film. The main reasons for changing the dressing were dirt (43.9%), loss of integrity (41.5%), and the presence of humidity (14.6%).</p>
					<p>Follow-up of 23 infants yielded 252 days of follow-up, in which peripherally inserted central catheter dressings were changed 41 times. The mean peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time was 3.7 days: 2.9 days before the second exchange; three days before the third exchange; five days before the fourth exchange; and 6.5 days before the fifth exchange.</p>
					<p>Considering the 41 dressing changes, dwell time was one day for six infants (14.6%), two days for seven infants (17.1%), three days for seven infants (17.1%), four days for 11 infants (26.8%), five days for six infants (14.6%) and six, eight, ten and 11 days for only one infant (2.4%). Thus, the most prolonged stay of a peripherally inserted central catheter dressing was 11 days, presented by only one infant (2.4%), and the most prolonged mean stay of four days was the most frequent, with 11 infants (26.8%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Correlations between the number of peripherally inserted central catheter exchanges and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics</title>
					<p>Full-term birth was associated with a longer mean dressing dwell time (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), and as the number of hospitalization days increased, the dressing tended to remain in place for a longer period (p = 0.018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3001">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Correlation between the mean peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time and sample demographic and clinical characteristics (n=23).</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Correlation coefficient*</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Chronological age (days)</td>
										<td>34.35</td>
										<td>0.010</td>
										<td>0.9650</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Weight at insertion date (kg)grams</td>
										<td>3304.57</td>
										<td>0.254</td>
										<td>0.2430</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Weight at withdrawal date (kg)grams</td>
										<td>3500.00</td>
										<td>0.327</td>
										<td>0.1280</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Length of hospital stay (days)</td>
										<td>22.40</td>
										<td>0.490</td>
										<td>0.0180</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Number of diagnoses</td>
										<td>2.69</td>
										<td>0.218</td>
										<td>0.3180</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>1-minute Apgar</td>
										<td>8.48</td>
										<td>-0.048</td>
										<td>0.8260</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>5-minute Apgar</td>
										<td>9.39</td>
										<td>0.030</td>
										<td>0.8910</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Platelets (thousand)</td>
										<td>390.00</td>
										<td>-0.125</td>
										<td>0.5700</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hematocrit (mg/dl)</td>
										<td>33.06</td>
										<td>-0.309</td>
										<td>0.1510</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Red cells (mg/dl)</td>
										<td>10.70</td>
										<td>-0.341</td>
										<td>0.1120</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Skin condition score</td>
										<td>3.18</td>
										<td>-0.079</td>
										<td>0.7190</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Number of reasons for insertion</td>
										<td>1.74</td>
										<td>-0.213</td>
										<td>0.3290</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Number of pain relief methods</td>
										<td>2.43</td>
										<td>-0.242</td>
										<td>0.2650</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter insertion length (cm)</td>
										<td>14.30</td>
										<td>-0.049</td>
										<td>0.8240</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter exteriorization length (cm)</td>
										<td>8.11</td>
										<td>0.182</td>
										<td>0.4060</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PICC day use (days)</td>
										<td>10.96</td>
										<td>0.909</td>
										<td>&lt; 0.0010</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Infusion type</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Continuous infusion</td>
										<td>4.2</td>
										<td>0.385</td>
										<td>0.0700‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intermittent infusion</td>
										<td>8.5</td>
										<td>0.828</td>
										<td>&lt;0.0010‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No infusion</td>
										<td>3.6</td>
										<td>0.289</td>
										<td>0.1930‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intravenous therapy type</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Polytherapy</td>
										<td>10.10</td>
										<td>0.798</td>
										<td>&lt;0.0010</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Monotherapy</td>
										<td>3.18</td>
										<td>0.160</td>
										<td>0.4650</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Infant allocation</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intensive care</td>
										<td>9.75</td>
										<td>0.544</td>
										<td>0.0070‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Semi-intensive care</td>
										<td>4.56</td>
										<td>0.264</td>
										<td>0.2240‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Intermediate care</td>
										<td>6.18</td>
										<td>-0.187</td>
										<td>0.3920‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Accommodation</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Incubator</td>
										<td>9.58</td>
										<td>0.598</td>
										<td>0.0030</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Common crib</td>
										<td>6.50</td>
										<td>0.084</td>
										<td>0.7020</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Average incubator temperature (˚C)</td>
										<td>30.76</td>
										<td>-0.032</td>
										<td>0.8960</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Average baby temperature (˚C)</td>
										<td>36.70</td>
										<td>0.412</td>
										<td>0.0510</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Insulation (days)</td>
										<td>6.67</td>
										<td>0.231</td>
										<td>0.2890</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bath type</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bed</td>
										<td>7.53</td>
										<td>0.553</td>
										<td>0.0060</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Immersion</td>
										<td>7.53</td>
										<td>0.074</td>
										<td>0.7360</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Participation of guardians</td>
										<td>7.06</td>
										<td>0.143</td>
										<td>0.5140</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3001">
									<p>Caption: PICC - Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter; *Spearman’s correlation test; ‡Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Peripherally inserted central catheter use days, intermittent infusion, polytherapy regimen, allocation to intensive care, accommodation in an incubator, and bed bath had a positive correlation with dressing time (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>Regarding the association between the mean dressing dwell time and the reason for removing peripherally inserted central catheter, catheter complications, site or suspected infection, and catheter displacement, there was a statistically significant correlation only with PICC displacement (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4001">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Association between the average duration of dressing maintenance and the reason for removal, complications, sites or suspected infection, and peripherally inserted central catheter displacement (n=23).</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
										<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total n(%)</th>
										<th align="left" colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Longer dressing maintenance</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mean</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">SD</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">95%CI</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Reason for PICC withdrawal</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>End of treatment</td>
										<td>14(60.9)</td>
										<td>3.4</td>
										<td>2.243</td>
										<td>3.5-5.5</td>
										<td>0.3079‡</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter complications</td>
										<td>7(30.5)</td>
										<td>3.1</td>
										<td>4.018</td>
										<td>2.0-11.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Local complications</td>
										<td>1(4.3)</td>
										<td>10.0</td>
										<td>-</td>
										<td>10.0-10.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Suspected catheter-related infection</td>
										<td>1(4.3)</td>
										<td>5.0</td>
										<td>-</td>
										<td>5.0-5.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter complications or suspected infection</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td>14(60.9)</td>
										<td>3.4</td>
										<td>2.243</td>
										<td>3.5-5.5</td>
										<td>0.8220§</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td>9(39.1)</td>
										<td>4.1</td>
										<td>4.167</td>
										<td>3.5-10.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Catheter displacement</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td>17(73.9)</td>
										<td>3.1</td>
										<td>3.162</td>
										<td>3.0-7.0</td>
										<td>&lt;0.0010§</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td>6(26.1)</td>
										<td>5.5</td>
										<td>8.000</td>
										<td>5.0-5.0</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4001">
									<p>Caption: DP - standard deviation; PICC - Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter; ‡Kruskal-Wallis test; §Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study showed a low mean length of stay and many infant peripherally inserted central catheter dressing changes. In addition, the longest permanence time of the peripherally inserted central catheter was correlated with full-term birth, greater catheter gauge, use of analgesia for catheter insertion, more extended hospital stay, more days of catheter use, intermittent infusion use, polytherapy, allocation to intensive care, incubator use, bed bath, and catheter displacement.</p>
				<p>The average of 3.7 days to change the peripherally inserted central catheter dressing was lower than most studies on the subject,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> and up to 5 dressing changes were observed during peripherally inserted central catheter use. In addition, a study found that performing more than two dressing changes was associated with the prevalence of adverse events.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>A study that compared peripherally inserted central catheter and other types of central lines regarding the need for dressing change found that infants who used peripherally inserted central catheter had two times less need for transparent dressing change, as well as fewer insertion attempts, shorter length of hospital stay and fewer general complications.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup> Furthermore, a controlled clinical trial<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> determined the appropriate frequency of central venous catheter dressing change in 162 preterm infants in catheter-related bloodstream infection (BCSI) prevention every week regularly (WR) vs. not regularly (NR). The results showed 5.8 days for the WR group and 9.3 days for the NR values, much higher than those in the present research.</p>
				<p>Studies involving central catheter use do not always report the gauge of the catheter used in infants, but gauges of 2.0 French or smaller are frequent.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup> Attempts with larger gauges were performed, showing no additional damage in this population7. However, the findings of this study showed that using 3 French catheters was associated with longer dressing duration. This finding may be related to the difficulty in fixing the distal portion of smaller-gauge catheters, which may lead to accidental catheter loss due to rupture, a more significant number of dressing changes,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup> or loss of adhesion to the edges of the dressing throughout its use, as seen in adults.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Using analgesia at catheter insertion may have contributed to longer dressing dwell time, as it reduced the baby’s agitation caused by pain and possible venous injuries and bleeding, given that dirt in insertion is one of the main reasons for changing a dressing. So, the adoption of comfort measures in the present research sample was more frequent than observed in other studies. A Brazilian study, which assessed 254 PICC insertions, identified analgesia in only 34.6% of infants, showing the need to implement protocols and guidelines in health institutions for adequate pain management in infants.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Although studies have reported a relationship between PICC use and bloodstream infection occurrence,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup> in this study, there was no infectious outcome related to peripherally inserted central catheter.</p>
				<p>The positive correlation between allocation to intensive care, incubator use, polytherapy, and intermittent infusions with dressing dwell time suggests that the higher frequency of nursing care present in these situations may be related to the higher mean dwell time.</p>
				<p>The peripherally inserted central catheter dressing humidity is an extrinsic factor that interferes with infants’ skin integrity.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup> Therefore, protecting the dressing in other types of bath, such as immersion, when using the device<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup> is recommended. Then, a bed bath is a protective factor that can increase peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time to be considered in care planning.</p>
				<p>Several aspects can contribute to catheter displacements, such as loss of dressing integrity, quality of dressing used, infants’ skin condition, infants’ younger age, and less parental education and professional skill.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup> This research showed that displacement occurred when a dressing stayed longer, possibly due to failures in a daily inspection or even when performing the dressing, either by infants’ agitation when changing the dressing or by the dressing removal technique. Therefore, it can impact non-elective catheter removal due to the non-central positioning, which is considered a risk factor for complications.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Different interventions can prevent peripherally inserted central catheter displacement, such as the use of silicone-based products that can help remove the dressing,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup> the use of stabilizing tapes or wound closure strips on the catheter shaft,<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup> especially in dressing changes, or the use of elastic meshes or secondary non-sterile fixations throughout the day.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup></p>
				<p>Knowledge of the factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time may contribute to planning nursing care for infants undergoing peripherally inserted central catheter and reducing complications. Furthermore, they may be helpful for future epidemiological and clinical studies that support professional practice.</p>
				<p>The study had some limitations such as it was conducted at a single center, did not assess the technique of changing the peripherally inserted central catheter dressing (transparent film removal and application), used a single brand of transparent film, and had a small sample, with only 23 children.</p>
				<p>These associations may help indicate which infants should be prioritized in nursing care. Thus, preterm infants, with smaller peripherally inserted central catheter gauge, with continuous infusions, in monotherapy, who are not in intensive or semi-intensive care, who are in a standard crib and with immersion bath because they had a lower mean peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time were the most exposed to complications resulting from frequent changes.</p>
				<p>Finally, it is essential to highlight that the findings regarding analgesia use with longer dressing dwell time suggest that this aspect should be considered in the construction and implementation of peripherally inserted central catheter insertion protocols.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusion</title>
				<p>This study showed that infants’ mean peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time varied widely. The variables associated with longer peripherally inserted central catheter dressing dwell time were infants with full-term gestational age, more extended hospital stay, longer catheter gauge, analgesia use in catheter insertion, intermittent infusion use, polytherapy, allocation to intensive care, incubator use, bed bath, and catheter displacement.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Data availability:</label>
					<p> The study data are available in this article.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>